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214.201 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary (female) or Testis (male)
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2
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A
  • Processes of reproduction
  • Controlling growth & development
  • Metabolism
  • Maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance
  • Mobilisation of immune defences
  • Stress response
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3
Q

How does hormone regulation work?

A

Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesise and release hormones in response to one of three stimuli:
- Hormonal stimuli
- Neural stimuli
- Humoral stimuli
The production of many hormones is regulated by negative feedback

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4
Q

What is hormonal stimuli?

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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5
Q

What are examples of hormonal stimuli?

A
  • Hypothalamic hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones
    Anterior pituitary gland
  • Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
  • Hypothalamic–pituitary–target endocrine organ feedback loop
  • Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
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6
Q

What is neural stimuli?

A
  • Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
    Hormone release caused by neural input.
    Example: Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
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7
Q

What is an example of neural stimuli?

A

Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

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8
Q

What is humoral stimuli?

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

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9
Q

What are some examples of humoral stimuli?

A
  • Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)
  • PTH causes Ca2+ concentrations to rise, and stimulus is removed
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10
Q

What three categories of hormones are there?

A
  • Protein & peptide hormone
  • Amines & amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
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11
Q

What are some examples and characteristics of protein & peptide hormone?

A

Examples: Insulin, growth hormone

  • Water soluble
  • Travel freely in blood
  • Bind to cell-surface receptor
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12
Q

What are some examples and characteristics of amines & amino acids?

A

Examples: Adrenaline, thyroxine

  • Water soluble
  • Travel freely in blood
  • Bind to cell-surface receptor
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13
Q

What are some examples and characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

Examples: Oestrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormone

  • Lipid soluble
  • Travel in blood bound to carrier
  • Bind to intracellular receptor
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14
Q

What are examples of negative feedback regulation?

A
  • Releasing hormone from hypothalamus
  • Trophic hormone from anterior pituitary
  • Target gland hormone from target gland
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15
Q

What are causes of hypofunction?

A
  • Congenital defects resulting in absence or impaired development of the gland
  • Absence of an enzyme needed for hormone production
  • Destruction of a gland due to decreased blood flow, infection, autoimmune responses and neoplastic growth
  • Atrophy of the gland due to medication
  • Defective receptor sites or responses to the hormone is diminished
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16
Q

What are causes of hyperfunction?

A
  • Excessive hormone production due to over stimulation of the gland
  • Hormone producing tumour
  • Autoimmune disorder
17
Q

What are some tests to examine endocrine function?

A
  • Blood - level of hormone
  • Stimulation for hypofunction
  • Suppression for hyperfunction
  • Imaging - Isotopic (ability for the thyroid gland to take up iodine) & non-isotopic (CT, MRI)
18
Q

What is the stimulation test?

A
  • Tests for hypofunction
  • Tropic or stimulating hormone administered
  • If there is no increase then there is hypofunction
    e. g ACTH stimulation test
19
Q

What is the suppression test?

A
  • Tests for hyperfunction
  • External stimulus that there is enough of a hormone. If there is no reduction of the hormone there is hyperfunction
    e. g. Dexamethasone suppression test
20
Q

What is the thyroid hormone (TH)?

A
  • Body’s major metabolic hormone
  • TH enters target cell and binds to intracellular receptors within nucleus. Triggers transcription of various metabolic gene
  • Found in two forms:
    1) T4 (thyroxine)
    2) T3 (triiodothyronine)
21
Q

What is T4 (thyroxine)?

A

Major form of thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid follicles (90%); consists of two tyrosine molecules with four bound iodine atoms

22
Q

What is T3 (triiodothyronine)?

A
  • Thought to be active form of the thyroid hormone; has two tyrosines with three bound iodine atoms
  • Most T3 converted from T4 at tissue level
23
Q

What are some thyroid function tests?

A
  • TSH - gives an initial indication of thyroid function
    Following an abnormal TSH result:
  • serum FT4 (and FT3) and/or
  • Thyroid antibodies
24
Q

What is hyperthyroidism and what are causes?

A
  • Hypersecretion of TH
  • Autoimmune disease: body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells
  • Antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating TH release
  • Common in Grave’s disease
25
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate food
  • Protruding eyes
26
Q

What are hyperthyroidism treatments?

A
  • Carbimazole tablets (a thionamide)
  • Surgical removal of thyroid
  • Radioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells
27
Q

What is primary hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hyposecretion of TH
  • Autoimmune disease e.g. Hashimoto’s, thyroidectomy, ablation, iodine deficiency
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism increases with age and affects more woman than men
28
Q

What are symptoms of primary hypothyroidism?

A

Decreased metabolic rate, lethargy slow pulse, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, puffy face

29
Q

What are primary hypothyroidism treatments?

A

Replacement therapy with synthetic preparations e.g. levothyroxine

214.201 (17 decks)

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