Endocrine 7 - Integration

Question 1

Define respiratory quotient. What are the respiratory quotients for carbs, lipids, protein, and ethanol?

Answer 1

RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed.

For carbs, its 1.0
For lipids, its .70
For protein, its .81
For ethanol, its .67

Question 2

How many calories are there per gram of:

1. Carbs
2. Lipids
3. Protein
4. Alcohol

Answer 2

1. Carbs = 4
2. Lipids = 9.5
3. Protein = 4
4. Alcohol = 7

Question 3

In sedentary people, ____% of energy output is basal metabolism, while in active people only ____% of energy output is basal metabolism

Answer 3

80% in sedentary people, 56% in active people

Question 4

Is energy expenditure positively correlated with body weight?

Answer 4

Yeah

Question 5

What happens to metabolic rate with age?

Answer 5

It goes down

Question 6

The majority of an average person’s stored energy is in…? The second most stored energy is found in _____ ______.

Answer 6

adipose tissue is the most

muscle protein is second most

Question 7

How many calories is in 1 pound of fat?

Answer 7

3500-4000 kcal

Question 8

What happens to levels of catecholamines, GH, and glucocorticoids once you start fasting? What happens if you keep fasting?

Answer 8

They all go up, and up even more if you keep fasting.

Question 9

True or false: blood flow increases during exercise to most tissues except for GI organs.

Answer 9

Yeah thats true

Question 10

Name the fuel used in each stage of exercise: anaerobic, transition, and aerobic.

Answer 10

Anaerobic: ATP
Transition: phosphocreatine
Aerobic: glycogen and fat

Question 11

Can one train such that their muscle fiber types change, adapting to their sport?

Answer 11

Yeah

Question 12

What is the approximate ratio of Type 1 (red, slow) fibers to Type 2 fibers (white, fast) in untrained folks?

Answer 12

1:1 pretty much

Question 13

What happens to GH with exercise? What about cortisol and epinephrine?

Answer 13

goes up

goes up goes up

Question 14

Describe the order in which different fuels are used during exercise.

Answer 14

1st, ATP, phosphocreatine, muscle glycogen and glycolysis are used.

Aerobic exercise switches to muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and blood glucose. Later FFAs and adipose TAGs are used.

Question 15

Describe what the following hormones do:
Ghrelin
Peptide YY
CCK
Leptin

Answer 15

Ghrelin goes to hypothalamus –> make you hungry.
Peptide YY and CCK go to hypothalamus –> satiety.
Leptin is made by adipose tissue, goes to hypothalamus –> satiety.

Question 16

How do each of the following affect food intake:
BDNF
NPY
AGRP
POMC

Answer 16

BDNF and POMC are negative regulators of hunger.

NPY and AGRP are positive regulators of hunger.

Question 17

True or false: Dr. Cochran’s boy, Maribel Rios, did a take-down on BDNF, a clear negative regulator of hunger.

Answer 17

Yeah that is true. Shout out to his Boy Dr. Rios and colleagues!

Question 18

Why is using fatty acids for energy generation less efficient?

Answer 18

They enter as acetyl coA, which can’t be directly converted to oxaloacetate or pyruvate to eventually get into the gluconeogenic pathway, it has to go all the way around the TCA cycle, which is leaky.

Question 19

The most concentrated form of energy reserves in the body is:

a) triglycerides
b) ketone bodies
c) glycogen
d) glycerol
e) protein

Answer 19

a) triglycerides

Question 20

How much adipose tissue (9.5 cal/gm) would be utilized to supply BMR (2,000 kcal/day) for 30 days?

a) 37 kg
b) 27 kg
c) 17 kg
d) 6.3 kg
e) 0.7 kg

Answer 20

d) 6.3 kg

Question 21

The oxygen debt incurred during exercise is due to:

a) depletion of oxygenated hemoglobin in blood
b) depletion of muscle glycogen
c) build up of protons in muscle
d) build up of lactic acid in muscle
e) depletion of ATP and phosphocreatine in muscle

Answer 21

e) depletion of ATP and phosphocreatine in muscle