Endocrine 7 - Integration Flashcards
Define respiratory quotient. What are the respiratory quotients for carbs, lipids, protein, and ethanol?
RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed.
For carbs, its 1.0
For lipids, its .70
For protein, its .81
For ethanol, its .67
How many calories are there per gram of:
- Carbs
- Lipids
- Protein
- Alcohol
- Carbs = 4
- Lipids = 9.5
- Protein = 4
- Alcohol = 7
In sedentary people, ____% of energy output is basal metabolism, while in active people only ____% of energy output is basal metabolism
80% in sedentary people, 56% in active people
Is energy expenditure positively correlated with body weight?
Yeah
What happens to metabolic rate with age?
It goes down
The majority of an average person’s stored energy is in…? The second most stored energy is found in _____ ______.
adipose tissue is the most
muscle protein is second most
How many calories is in 1 pound of fat?
3500-4000 kcal
What happens to levels of catecholamines, GH, and glucocorticoids once you start fasting? What happens if you keep fasting?
They all go up, and up even more if you keep fasting.
True or false: blood flow increases during exercise to most tissues except for GI organs.
Yeah thats true
Name the fuel used in each stage of exercise: anaerobic, transition, and aerobic.
Anaerobic: ATP
Transition: phosphocreatine
Aerobic: glycogen and fat
Can one train such that their muscle fiber types change, adapting to their sport?
Yeah
What is the approximate ratio of Type 1 (red, slow) fibers to Type 2 fibers (white, fast) in untrained folks?
1:1 pretty much
What happens to GH with exercise? What about cortisol and epinephrine?
goes up
goes up goes up
Describe the order in which different fuels are used during exercise.
1st, ATP, phosphocreatine, muscle glycogen and glycolysis are used.
Aerobic exercise switches to muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and blood glucose. Later FFAs and adipose TAGs are used.
Describe what the following hormones do: Ghrelin Peptide YY CCK Leptin
Ghrelin goes to hypothalamus –> make you hungry.
Peptide YY and CCK go to hypothalamus –> satiety.
Leptin is made by adipose tissue, goes to hypothalamus –> satiety.
How do each of the following affect food intake: BDNF NPY AGRP POMC
BDNF and POMC are negative regulators of hunger.
NPY and AGRP are positive regulators of hunger.
True or false: Dr. Cochran’s boy, Maribel Rios, did a take-down on BDNF, a clear negative regulator of hunger.
Yeah that is true. Shout out to his Boy Dr. Rios and colleagues!
Why is using fatty acids for energy generation less efficient?
They enter as acetyl coA, which can’t be directly converted to oxaloacetate or pyruvate to eventually get into the gluconeogenic pathway, it has to go all the way around the TCA cycle, which is leaky.
The most concentrated form of energy reserves in the body is:
a) triglycerides
b) ketone bodies
c) glycogen
d) glycerol
e) protein
a) triglycerides
How much adipose tissue (9.5 cal/gm) would be utilized to supply BMR (2,000 kcal/day) for 30 days?
a) 37 kg
b) 27 kg
c) 17 kg
d) 6.3 kg
e) 0.7 kg
d) 6.3 kg
The oxygen debt incurred during exercise is due to:
a) depletion of oxygenated hemoglobin in blood
b) depletion of muscle glycogen
c) build up of protons in muscle
d) build up of lactic acid in muscle
e) depletion of ATP and phosphocreatine in muscle
e) depletion of ATP and phosphocreatine in muscle
