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Uworld Jornal > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

A
  1. after viral illness
  2. PAINFUL thyroid enlargement
  3. transient hyperthyroid symptoms

Histo: inflamm infiltrate with macrophages and giant cells

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2
Q

Haschimoto thyroiditis

A
  1. autoimmune
  2. PAINLESS enlargement

TPO antibody

Lymphocytic infiltrate with well developed germinal centers

hurthle cells (eospinophillic)

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3
Q

Kallmann syndrome

A

Delayed puberty + anosmia

mut in KAL-1 or FBFR-1 gene

failure of GnRH neurons to migrate from origin in olfactory to normal location in hypothalamus

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4
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

hartnup disease (inactivation of neutral amino acid transporter)

Pellagra-like skin eruptions (after sun exposure)
cerebella ataxia

increased neutral amino acids in urine

tx: high protein diet and niacin supplementation

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5
Q

Maturity onset diabetes of the young

A

Mutation in glucokinase which decreases affinity for glucose

Nonprograssive hyperglycemia that worsens with pregnancy

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6
Q

GTP synthesis in citric acid cycle

A

by succinyl coA synthase

succinyl coA to succinate

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7
Q

Phosphoenol pyruvate carxoykinase

A

uses GTP during starvation to synthesize PEP from oxaloacetate

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8
Q

inhibition of FA oxidation

A

by malonyl CoA (rate limiting step of de novo FA synthesis) .
Inhibits carnitine acetyltrasnferase

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9
Q

Hyperosmotic volume contraction

A

Increase plasma osm, decreased vol of ICF and ECF

  1. DI
  2. dehydration
  3. profuse sweating
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10
Q

Hypoglycemia in alcoholic

A

alcohol increase NADH/NAD ratio, inhibiting all rxn that require NAD

inhibits gluconeogenesis (need pyruvate and oxaloacetate from CAC)

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11
Q

Central DI

A

damage to hypothalamus

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12
Q

GLUT

A

Transmembrane CARRIER proteins (bind glucose and facilitate diffusion across membrane)

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13
Q

DKA tG break down

A

TG is broken into glycerol and fa by lipase

glycerol is converted into glycerol 3-P by glycerol kinase and then enters glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

FA undergo beta oxidation and ketogenesis

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14
Q

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

A

due to low bmi

decrease leptin
decrease gnRH
decrease LH and FSH

decrease estrogen

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15
Q

Tamoxifen

A

SERM (antagonist at breast)

tx of gynecomastia

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16
Q

Risk factors for insulin resistance

A
  1. obesity
  2. sedentary lifestyle
  3. elevated free fatty acids (impaired insulin dependent glucose uptake)
17
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

tumors from remnants of Rathke’s pouch located in diencephalon

  1. tumor cells
  2. cystic (machine oil)
  3. calcified

suprasellar mass

18
Q

Pituitary stalk compression

A

hyperprolactinoma due to loss of dopaminergic inhibition

19
Q

Maple syrup urine disease

A

mutation in branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC)

cannot break down branched aa (leucine, isoleucine, valine)
accumulation leads to seizures, irritability, lethargy, poor feeding

20
Q

BCKD

A

mut in maple syrup urine disease

requires 5 cofactors

  1. thiamine
  2. lipoate
  3. coenzyme A
  4. FAD
  5. NAD

(Tender Loving Care For Nancy(

21
Q

Hereditary Orotic Aciduria

A

disorder of de novo pyrimidine synthesis (defect in UMP synthase)

supplement with uridine

physical and mental retardation, megaloblastic anemia, elevated urinary orotic acid (also seen in ornithine transcarvamylase def, however present in first few weeks of life)

22
Q

Protein Kinase A G protein receptor

A

TSH
glucagon
PTH

23
Q

thyroidectomy post op supplementation

A

calcium and calcitriol

24
Q

Familial chylomicronemia

A

defective LPL or APOC2

elevated TG

Pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, xanthomas

25
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

defective LDL receptor ApoB-100

elevated LDL

premature atherosclerosis, tendon xanthomas

26
Q

familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

ApoE

Increased chylomicrons and VLDL remnants

premature atherosclerosis

27
Q

Familial hypertriglyceridemia

A

elevated VLDL

28
Q

MEN 1

A

Pancreatic tumors (gatrinoma, ZE syndrome)

hyperparathyroid

pit tumor

29
Q

Exogenous thyrotoxicosis

A

Elevated T4, suppressed TSH, undetectable thyroglobulin

hyperthyroid symptoms

diffuse atrophy of thyroid follicles with decreased colloid

30
Q

Smooth ER

A

Steroidogenesis occurs here, therefore steroid producing cells have well developed smooth ER

31
Q

Adrenal crisis

A

sever hypotension, refractory shock, weight loss and hyperpigmentation

32
Q

Pheo markers

A

synaptophysin chromogranin, enolase

33
Q

hyperphenalanemia + increased prolactin

A

deficiency of dihydrobiopterin reductase (responsible for reduction of BH2 to BH4)

BH4 necessary for Dopamine synthesis therefore decreased BH4 -> decrease dop -> increase PRL

34
Q

Metabolic acidosis compensation

A

PaCO2=1.5*HCO3 + 8 +-2

35
Q

Ketoconazole anti androgen effects

A

inhibits testosterone synthesis in leydig cells

36
Q

5 alpha reductase

A

inhibits peripheral conversion of testosterone to DHT

(finasteride

37
Q

androgen receptor inhibitor

A
  1. flutamide
  2. cyproterone
  3. spironolactone

Uworld Jornal (5 decks)

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