Endocrine

Question 1

Exocrine glands

Answer 1

release enzymes to the external environment through ducts

ex: sweat, oil, mucous, digestive glands

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

release hormones directly into the blood stream

Question 3

Receptors

Answer 3

Hormones act by binding to protein receptors. Receptors are highly specific to a particular hormone. Some hormones have receptors on virtually all cells, while others have receptors only on specific tissues.

Question 4

Three basic chemical types of hormones

Answer 4

1. peptides
2. steroids
3. tyrosine derivatives

Question 5

Peptide hormones

Answer 5

Are water soluble and thus move easily through blood but cannot diffuse through the cell membrane of the target tissue (effector)

Question 6

How peptide hormones are synthesized

Answer 6

1. Manufactured in the rough ER as preprohormones that are larger than the active hormones
2. Preprohormone is cleaved in the ER lumen to become a prohormone
3. Transported to Golgi apparatus where the pro hormone is cleaved and sometimes modified with carbohydrates to produce the hormone’s final form

Question 7

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 7

1. FSH
2. LH
3. ACTH
4. HGH
5. TSH
6. prolactin

Question 8

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 8

ADH and oxytocin

Question 9

parathyroid hormone

Answer 9

PTH

Question 10

pancreatic hormones

Answer 10

glucagon and insulin

Question 11

thyroid C cell hormone

Answer 11

calcitonin

Question 12

steroid hormones

Answer 12

derived from cholesterol

This is a lipid so hydrophobic, which means it usually requires a protein transport molecule (carrier protein) to dissolve in the bloodstream

Question 13

How steroid hormones work

Answer 13

They diffuse through the cell membrane of the effector and inside the cell combine with a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus and act at the level of transcription. Thus, the typical effect of a steroid hormone is to increase certain membrane or cellular proteins within the effector.

Question 14

steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 14

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids cortisol and aldosterone

Question 15

gonadal hormones

Answer 15

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 16

Tyrosine derivative hormones

Answer 16

T3, T4, and catecholamines formed in the adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 17

thyroid hormones

Answer 17

• -T3 and T4
• -lipid-soluble so need to be carried by protein carriers
• -Slowly released to their target tissues and bind to receptors inside the nucleus
• -increase the transcription of large numbers of genes in nearly all cells of the body

Question 18

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 18

are water-soluble so they dissolve in the blood

–Bind to receptors on the target tissue and act mainly through the second messenger cAMP