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Systemic Pathology Exam 3 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A pituitary cyst may cause what disease?

A

Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)

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2
Q

What breeds are predisposed to Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)?

A 
Brachycephalic breeds
German Shepherds
Spitz
Toy Pinschers
Karleian Bear dogs
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3
Q

How is pituitary dwarfism inherited in cats?

A

Autosomal recessive

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4
Q

Slower growth rate, retention of puppy coat, lack of primary guard hairs, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia are all signs of what disease?

A

Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dawrfism)

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5
Q

What are examples of neoplastic diseases of the pituitary?

A

Corticotrophic (ACTH-secreting) adenoma

Pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma

Somatotroph adenoma

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6
Q

For corticotrophic (ACTH-secreting) adenomas, is the size of the tumor related to the severity of the disease?

A

No

But, larger tumors may cause compression and lead to CNS signs, diabetes insipidus, blindness

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7
Q

What breeds are predisposed to having corticotrophic (ATCH-secreting) adenomas?

A

Bostons
Boxers
Dachshunds

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8
Q

What is the most common pituitary tumor in horses?

A

Pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma (PPID)

Older horses

Females > males

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9
Q

How do pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenomas present clinically in horses?

A

Pu/PD, laminitis, increased appetite, muscle weakness, somnolence, intermittent pyrexia, hyperhidrosis, hyper glycemia, glucosuria, hypertrichosis/hirsutism (failure of seasonal shedding)

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10
Q

What disease is caused by somatotroph adenomas?

A

Acromegaly

Characterized by overgrowth of connective tissue, increased appositional growth of bone, coarsening of facial features, gingival hyperplasia, increased separation of teeth, macroglossia, enlargement of viscera

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11
Q

What disease is a predisposing cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in cats?

A

Acromegaly (caused by somatotroph adenomas)

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12
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes insipidus? What are the clinical signs?

A

Hypophyseal form - inadequate ADH

Nephrogenic form - target cell defect

Clinical signs: PU/PD, hypoosmotic urine

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13
Q

What are the ACTH dependent regions of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona fasiculata (glucocorticoids)

Zona reticularis (sex steroids)

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14
Q

What are the zones of the adrenal gland and what does each zone produce?

A

Glomerulosa- aldosterone

Fasiculata- glucocorticoids

Reticularis- sex steroids

Medulla- catecholmines

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15
Q

What is a normal adrenal gland cortical:medullary ratio

A

1:1 to 2:1

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16
Q

What causes adrenal cortical hyperplasia and what sequelae results from this disease?

A

Cause: excessive ACTH from functional pituitary adenoma

Sequelae: hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

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17
Q

If on necropsy you find an animal with diffuse bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia, what you might suspect the animal has?

A

Pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

If on necropsy you find a single, unilateral, well-demarcated, enlarged adrenal gland with atrophy of the contralateral adrenal, what would you suspect?

A

Adrenal cortical adenoma

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19
Q

How might you differentiate an adrenal adenoma from adrenal carcinoma?

A

Carcinomas- older dogs, larger than adenomas, can be bilateral

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20
Q

What would cause hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  1. Functional ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma
  2. Functional adrenocortical adenoma or carcinoma
  3. Idiopathic hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
  4. Iatrogenic from chronic corticosteriod administration
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21
Q

What causes bilateral adrenal atrophy?

A

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)

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22
Q

What pathologies are seen as a result of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

A 
Hepatomegaly
Delayed wound healing
Frequent infections
Increased appetite
CNS signs
Muscle wasting
Alopecia
Calcinosis cutis
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23
Q

What clinical pathology is associated with hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)?

A

Neutrophilia without L shift

Lymphopeia

Eosinopenia

Monocytosis

Elevated glucose

Elevated ALP

Low urine SG

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24
Q

What is the main clinical sign of hyperadrenocorticism in cats?

A

Skin fragility

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25
Q

What causes hypoadrenalcorticism (Addison’s)?

A

Idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy

Immune -mediated destruction

Abrupt cessation of long-term steroids

26
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Weight-loss

Non-specific gastroenteritis

Impaired stress tolerance

Hypotensive shock

27
Q

What clinical pathology is associated with hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)?

A

High K

Low Na+ and Cl-

Eosinophilia

Lymphocytosis

28
Q

What gross lesions are assictaed with hypoadrenocorticism (addison’s)?

A

Adrenal cortical atrophy, diffuse bilateral

Lymphoplasmaytic infiltrates

29
Q

What Na+/K+ ratio is highly suggestive of hypoadrenocirticism (addison’s)?

A

1:23

30
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

31
Q

What lesions are a result of functional pheochromocytoma?

A

Catecholamine overproduction

Edema

Cardiac hypertrophy

32
Q

What can cause adrenal hemorrhage?

A

Birth trauma

Exhaustion phase of the “stress response”

Toxemia

Spticemia

33
Q

Where are ectopic thyroid tissue nodules commonly found in dogs?

A

Ascending aorta at the base of the heart

34
Q

Where is thyroid carcinoma commonly found in dogs?

A

Mediastinum/heart base

Ectopic thyroid tissue that has migrated

35
Q

What are thyroglossal duct cysts?

A

Cysts formed from thyroglossal duct remnants seen along the ventral midline of neck

Contain watery to mucoid secretions

Can become inflamed, rupture, and form fistulous tracts to skin

36
Q

What is goiter?

A

Non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of follicular cell hyperplasia

Diffuse = TSH-induced
Multinodular = TSH independent
37
Q

What causes goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency

Iodine excess

Goitrogens

Defects in the synthesis of hormones (congenital dyshormonogenic goiter)

38
Q

Diffuse, bilaterally, enlarged and reddened thyroid glands are indicative of what?

A

Iodine deficiency goiter

39
Q

What are goitrogens?

A

Compounds that cause hyperplastic goiter

Include plants, drugs, or excess iodine

40
Q

How does colloid goiter cause follicular atrophy?

A

Cause by involution after repletion of dietary iodine deficiency

Thyroid gland remains enlarged but follicular cells have undergone atrophy because of decreased TSH

41
Q

What is the most common form of hypothyroidism?

A

Acquired, Primary

42
Q

What causes canine hypothyroidism?

A

Idiopathic follicular atrophy

Lymphocytic thyroiditis

43
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with with idiopathic follicular atrophy?

A

Shrunken and pale thyroid gland

Most parenchyma lost or replaced by adipose tissue

44
Q

What is lymphoplasmacytic thyroiditis?

A

Auto-immune disease that causes infiltration of thyroid-reactive lymphocytes

Triggered by genetic and environmental factors

45
Q

A discrete, tan nodule on the thyroid found more commonly in cats than dogs and are often functional is probably what?

A

Follicular adenoma

46
Q

A thyroid tumor mainly diagnosed in dogs that is typically invasive, nonfunctional, and arises from ectopic thyroid tissue is probably what?

A

Thyroid carcinoma

47
Q

Dairy bulls fed a high calcium diet are prone to what?

A

Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and neoplasia

48
Q

What is the most common equine thyroid tumor?

A

C-cell adenoma

49
Q

Thyroid C-cell carcinoma is most commonly found in what species?

A

Dogs and bulls

50
Q

How many parathyroid glands do pigs, cattle, sheep, and horses have?

A

Pig- only one pair; either embedded in thymus (young pigs) or adipose tissue (older pigs)

Cattle and sheep - two pairs; larger external is cranial to thyroid along common carotid. Smaller internal to thyroid

Horses- two pairs; larger (lower) parathyroid is in caudal cervical region and smaller (upper) is near thyroid gland

51
Q

What breed has familial hypoparathyroidism?

A

Miniature schnauzers

52
Q

What disease is associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism (chief cell atrophy)

53
Q

What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid (chief cell) adenomas or carcinomas

Idiopathic

54
Q

What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Nutritional imbalances (excessive phosphorous, deficient calcium)

55
Q

What sequelae result from secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Fibrous osteodystrophy

56
Q

What is renal secondary hyperparathyoidism?

A

When renal disease is severe enough to decrease GFR and increase K+ levels

Increase in K+ causes decline in Ca++

Causes “rubber jaw”

57
Q

Hypofunction of the pancreatic islet cells may result in what disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

May be due to aplasia, necrosis, immune-mediated lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis

58
Q

Animals that have urinary tract infections, emphysematous cystitis, PU/PD, cataracts, hepatomegaly, glomerulopathy, retinopathy, and gangrene probably have what disease?

A

Diabetes mellitus

59
Q

Histopathology of the pancreas of an animal with diabetes mellitus will have what two characteristics?

A
  1. Hydropic degeneration (vacuolar) or beta cells

2. Inflammation targeting islet cells

60
Q

A small, yellow to red, sharply-delineated mass on the pancreas is probably what?

A

Beta cell adenoma

61
Q

An animal that is neurologic from hypoglycemia probably has what disease?

A

Beta cell carcinoma

62
Q

Multiple, small, grey to tan nodules on the pancreas is indicative of what disease?

A

Pancreatic nodular hyperplasia- incidental!

Systemic Pathology Exam 3 (2 decks)

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