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Systemic Pathology Exam 3 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A pituitary cyst may cause what disease?

A

Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)

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2
Q

What breeds are predisposed to Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)?

A 
Brachycephalic breeds
German Shepherds
Spitz
Toy Pinschers
Karleian Bear dogs
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3
Q

How is pituitary dwarfism inherited in cats?

A

Autosomal recessive

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4
Q

Slower growth rate, retention of puppy coat, lack of primary guard hairs, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia are all signs of what disease?

A

Juvenile Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dawrfism)

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5
Q

What are examples of neoplastic diseases of the pituitary?

A

Corticotrophic (ACTH-secreting) adenoma

Pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma

Somatotroph adenoma

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6
Q

For corticotrophic (ACTH-secreting) adenomas, is the size of the tumor related to the severity of the disease?

A

No

But, larger tumors may cause compression and lead to CNS signs, diabetes insipidus, blindness

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7
Q

What breeds are predisposed to having corticotrophic (ATCH-secreting) adenomas?

A

Bostons
Boxers
Dachshunds

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8
Q

What is the most common pituitary tumor in horses?

A

Pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenoma (PPID)

Older horses

Females > males

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9
Q

How do pars intermedia (melanotroph) adenomas present clinically in horses?

A

Pu/PD, laminitis, increased appetite, muscle weakness, somnolence, intermittent pyrexia, hyperhidrosis, hyper glycemia, glucosuria, hypertrichosis/hirsutism (failure of seasonal shedding)

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10
Q

What disease is caused by somatotroph adenomas?

A

Acromegaly

Characterized by overgrowth of connective tissue, increased appositional growth of bone, coarsening of facial features, gingival hyperplasia, increased separation of teeth, macroglossia, enlargement of viscera

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11
Q

What disease is a predisposing cause of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in cats?

A

Acromegaly (caused by somatotroph adenomas)

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12
Q

What are the two forms of diabetes insipidus? What are the clinical signs?

A

Hypophyseal form - inadequate ADH

Nephrogenic form - target cell defect

Clinical signs: PU/PD, hypoosmotic urine

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13
Q

What are the ACTH dependent regions of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona fasiculata (glucocorticoids)

Zona reticularis (sex steroids)

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14
Q

What are the zones of the adrenal gland and what does each zone produce?

A

Glomerulosa- aldosterone

Fasiculata- glucocorticoids

Reticularis- sex steroids

Medulla- catecholmines

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15
Q

What is a normal adrenal gland cortical:medullary ratio

A

1:1 to 2:1

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16
Q

What causes adrenal cortical hyperplasia and what sequelae results from this disease?

A

Cause: excessive ACTH from functional pituitary adenoma

Sequelae: hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

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17
Q

If on necropsy you find an animal with diffuse bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia, what you might suspect the animal has?

A

Pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

If on necropsy you find a single, unilateral, well-demarcated, enlarged adrenal gland with atrophy of the contralateral adrenal, what would you suspect?

A

Adrenal cortical adenoma

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19
Q

How might you differentiate an adrenal adenoma from adrenal carcinoma?

A

Carcinomas- older dogs, larger than adenomas, can be bilateral

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20
Q

What would cause hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  1. Functional ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma
  2. Functional adrenocortical adenoma or carcinoma
  3. Idiopathic hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
  4. Iatrogenic from chronic corticosteriod administration
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21
Q

What causes bilateral adrenal atrophy?

A

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)

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22
Q

What pathologies are seen as a result of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

A 
Hepatomegaly
Delayed wound healing
Frequent infections
Increased appetite
CNS signs
Muscle wasting
Alopecia
Calcinosis cutis
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23
Q

What clinical pathology is associated with hyperadrenocorticism (cushing’s)?

A

Neutrophilia without L shift

Lymphopeia

Eosinopenia

Monocytosis

Elevated glucose

Elevated ALP

Low urine SG

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24
Q

What is the main clinical sign of hyperadrenocorticism in cats?

A

Skin fragility

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25
What causes hypoadrenalcorticism (Addison's)?
Idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy Immune -mediated destruction Abrupt cessation of long-term steroids
26
What clinical signs are associated with hypoadrenocorticism?
Weight-loss Non-specific gastroenteritis Impaired stress tolerance Hypotensive shock
27
What clinical pathology is associated with hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's)?
High K Low Na+ and Cl- Eosinophilia Lymphocytosis
28
What gross lesions are assictaed with hypoadrenocorticism (addison's)?
Adrenal cortical atrophy, diffuse bilateral Lymphoplasmaytic infiltrates
29
What Na+/K+ ratio is highly suggestive of hypoadrenocirticism (addison's)?
1:23
30
What is the most common neoplasia of the adrenal medulla?
Pheochromocytoma
31
What lesions are a result of functional pheochromocytoma?
Catecholamine overproduction Edema Cardiac hypertrophy
32
What can cause adrenal hemorrhage?
Birth trauma Exhaustion phase of the "stress response" Toxemia Spticemia
33
Where are ectopic thyroid tissue nodules commonly found in dogs?
Ascending aorta at the base of the heart
34
Where is thyroid carcinoma commonly found in dogs?
Mediastinum/heart base | Ectopic thyroid tissue that has migrated
35
What are thyroglossal duct cysts?
Cysts formed from thyroglossal duct remnants seen along the ventral midline of neck Contain watery to mucoid secretions Can become inflamed, rupture, and form fistulous tracts to skin
36
What is goiter?
Non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of follicular cell hyperplasia ``` Diffuse = TSH-induced Multinodular = TSH independent ```
37
What causes goiter?
Iodine deficiency Iodine excess Goitrogens Defects in the synthesis of hormones (congenital dyshormonogenic goiter)
38
Diffuse, bilaterally, enlarged and reddened thyroid glands are indicative of what?
Iodine deficiency goiter
39
What are goitrogens?
Compounds that cause hyperplastic goiter Include plants, drugs, or excess iodine
40
How does colloid goiter cause follicular atrophy?
Cause by involution after repletion of dietary iodine deficiency Thyroid gland remains enlarged but follicular cells have undergone atrophy because of decreased TSH
41
What is the most common form of hypothyroidism?
Acquired, Primary
42
What causes canine hypothyroidism?
Idiopathic follicular atrophy Lymphocytic thyroiditis
43
What are the gross lesions associated with with idiopathic follicular atrophy?
Shrunken and pale thyroid gland Most parenchyma lost or replaced by adipose tissue
44
What is lymphoplasmacytic thyroiditis?
Auto-immune disease that causes infiltration of thyroid-reactive lymphocytes Triggered by genetic and environmental factors
45
A discrete, tan nodule on the thyroid found more commonly in cats than dogs and are often functional is probably what?
Follicular adenoma
46
A thyroid tumor mainly diagnosed in dogs that is typically invasive, nonfunctional, and arises from ectopic thyroid tissue is probably what?
Thyroid carcinoma
47
Dairy bulls fed a high calcium diet are prone to what?
Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and neoplasia
48
What is the most common equine thyroid tumor?
C-cell adenoma
49
Thyroid C-cell carcinoma is most commonly found in what species?
Dogs and bulls
50
How many parathyroid glands do pigs, cattle, sheep, and horses have?
Pig- only one pair; either embedded in thymus (young pigs) or adipose tissue (older pigs) Cattle and sheep - two pairs; larger external is cranial to thyroid along common carotid. Smaller internal to thyroid Horses- two pairs; larger (lower) parathyroid is in caudal cervical region and smaller (upper) is near thyroid gland
51
What breed has familial hypoparathyroidism?
Miniature schnauzers
52
What disease is associated with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia?
Hypoparathyroidism (chief cell atrophy)
53
What causes primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid (chief cell) adenomas or carcinomas Idiopathic
54
What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Nutritional imbalances (excessive phosphorous, deficient calcium)
55
What sequelae result from secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Fibrous osteodystrophy
56
What is renal secondary hyperparathyoidism?
When renal disease is severe enough to decrease GFR and increase K+ levels Increase in K+ causes decline in Ca++ Causes "rubber jaw"
57
Hypofunction of the pancreatic islet cells may result in what disease?
Diabetes mellitus May be due to aplasia, necrosis, immune-mediated lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis
58
Animals that have urinary tract infections, emphysematous cystitis, PU/PD, cataracts, hepatomegaly, glomerulopathy, retinopathy, and gangrene probably have what disease?
Diabetes mellitus
59
Histopathology of the pancreas of an animal with diabetes mellitus will have what two characteristics?
1. Hydropic degeneration (vacuolar) or beta cells | 2. Inflammation targeting islet cells
60
A small, yellow to red, sharply-delineated mass on the pancreas is probably what?
Beta cell adenoma
61
An animal that is neurologic from hypoglycemia probably has what disease?
Beta cell carcinoma
62
Multiple, small, grey to tan nodules on the pancreas is indicative of what disease?
Pancreatic nodular hyperplasia- incidental!

Systemic Pathology Exam 3 (2 decks)

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