Endocrine

Question 1

Hyposecretion

Answer 1

too little secretion of a hormone

Question 2

Hypersecretion

Answer 2

too much hormone secretion

Question 3

hyporesponsiveness

Answer 3

occurs when the receptors on target cells are under-responsive to a hormone

Question 4

hyperresponsiveness

Answer 4

occurs when the target cells over-respond to a hormone

Question 5

Primary disorder

Answer 5

the disorder is located primarily in the end-organ

Question 6

secondary disorder

Answer 6

the source of the disorder is somewhere besides the end-organ

Question 7

Thyroid

Answer 7

• sits in the anterior neck
• consists mainly of follicles, lined by follicular cells and containing colloid
• has C cells that make calcitonin
• the 4 parathyroid glands sit on the posterior side

Question 8

what do follicle cells do?

Answer 8

• make thyroglobulin and secrete it into the colloid space

- facilitate absorption of iodide and it diffuses to the colloid space

Question 9

2 types of thyroid hormones?

Answer 9

T3 (3 iodide groups) and T4 (4 iodide groups)

• both are nonpolar - this makes it act like a steroid hormone (easily crosses plasma membrane)
• both are carried in blood stream by carrier proteins

Question 10

Metabolic actions of thyroid hormones?

Answer 10

speeds many metabolic processes

Question 11

Permissive actions of thyroid hormones?

Answer 11

greatly magnifies the effect of other hormones

Question 12

growth and development actions of thyroid hormones

Answer 12

acts in conjunctions with GH and other hormones

Question 13

Adrenal=

Answer 13

your endocrine and neuroendocrine response to stress

Question 14

how does the adrenal respond to stress?

Answer 14

release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Question 15

what does and medulla make and when?

Answer 15

epi when its stimulated by the nervous system, thus its neuroendocrine

Question 16

what does the cortex make?

Answer 16

cortisol and other steroids, thus its purely endocrine

Question 17

3 zones of the cortex

Answer 17

outer cortex, middle cortex, inner cortex

Question 18

what steroid does the outer cortex produce?

Answer 18

glomerulosa=aldosterone

Question 19

what steroid does the middle cortex produce?

Answer 19

fasciculata=cortisol

Question 20

what steroid does the inner cortex produce?

Answer 20

reticularis=androgens

Question 21

permissive functions of cortisol?

Answer 21

for the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on muscles and blood vessels

Question 22

function of cortisol maintaining glucose

Answer 22

ensures that there are adequate concentrations of the enzymes required to produce glucose between meals

Question 23

function of cortisol decreasing inflammation

Answer 23

mediates events that are associated with the inflammatory response, such as capillary permeability and production of prostaglandins

Question 24

what else is a function of cortisol?

Answer 24

important for fetal development

Question 25

Metabolic function of cortisol?

Answer 25

-Increased catabolism in bone and muscle and more
-Liver brings in and burns ore amino acids
Elevated glucose
-Stimulates breakdown of adipose

Question 26

Vascular function of cortisol?

Answer 26

• Enhances how blood vessels react to epi/ norepinephrine

- Inhibits inflammation and the immune system

Question 27

Stress related functions of cortisol?

Answer 27

Activates protective mechanisms within the body in response to stress, like:

• Elevating white blood cell count
• Elevating blood glucose levels
• Increasing plasma volume
• Sometimes, catabolizing muscle to be burned as fuel

Question 28

other functions of cortisol?

Answer 28

-Inhibits anything it sees as “non-essential” (growth, reproduction, inflammation)

Question 29

what is it called when plasma levels of cortisol are chronically low?

Answer 29

adrenal insufficiency

Question 30

Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 30

weakness, lethargy, and loss of appetite

Question 31

Exam for someone with low cortisol may reveal what?

Answer 31

low blood pressure (in part because cortisol is needed to permit the full extent of the cardiovascular actions of epinephrine) and low blood sugar, especially after fasting (because of the loss of the normal metabolic actions of cortisol).

Question 32

Primary adrenal insufficiency is also know as?

Answer 32

Addison’s disease

Question 33

Cushings Syndrome

Answer 33

disease in which there is excess cortisol in the blood, even when no stress is present.
-can be primary or secondary defect

Question 34

Secondary Cushing’s Syndrome (called Cushing’s disease)

Answer 34

increased blood levels of cortisol tend to promote uncontrolled catabolism of bone, muscle, skin, and other organs.

Question 35

Cushing’s Syndrome problems

Answer 35

• Osteoporosis
• Muscles weakness
• Blood sugar increases to diabetic levels
• Immunosuppression
• Redistribution of fat (“buffalo hump” and “moon facies”)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Question 36

Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome depends on the cause

Answer 36

• Surgical removal of the pituitary tumor

- Adrenalectomy