endocrine

Question 1

top 4 endocrine disorders

Answer 1

Diabetes (type I and II)
Thyroid disorder
Obesity/overweight
Hyperlipidemia

Question 2

A group of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream which regulate the function of various organs

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

examples of hormones in these rates or rhythms
Circadian or diurnal
Pulsatile
Cyclic
Constant
Patterns that are determined by external stimuli

Answer 3

Circadian or diurnal i.e. cortisol (adrenal) highest in AM—test in AM
Pulsatile luteinizing hormone and estrogen in menstrual cycle and growth hormone (responds to stress)
Cyclic-days to weeks menstrual cycle
Constant thyroid hormones
Patterns that are determined by external stimuli insulin if ingested blood glucose, stress

Question 4

how are hormones excreted?

Answer 4

Excreted either directly by the kidneys or metabolized by liver to aide excretion (made H20 soluble so can pee them out)

Question 5

examples of protein/polypeptide hormones

Answer 5

Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin

Question 6

types of hormones that travel in bound form and go through membrane to attach to receptor inside cell

Answer 6

steroid hormones

Question 7

steroid hormone examples

Answer 7

adrenal androgens and corisol

Question 8

what effects hormone effect?

Answer 8

number of molecules, receptors, and affinity of those two

Question 9

coordinating center of hypothalamus-pituitary system

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep and circadian rhythm.

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

Releases hormones that affect most endocrine systems in the body

Answer 11

pituiary gland

Question 12

sits in sella turcica, the optic chiasm is superior, lateral - cavernous sinus

Answer 12

pituitary

Question 13

Location: below the third ventricle, above optic chiasm

Answer 13

hypothalamus

Question 14

Allows hormones from hypothalamus to reach anterior pituitary

Answer 14

hypothalamic pituitary portal circulation

Question 15

why would you do each of these tests in endocrine?
blood
urine
stimulation/provocation
suppression
imaging

Answer 15

blood; screening
urine: screening
stimulation/provocation: assess hypo function
suppression: assess hyper function
imaging: tumors

Question 16

most common type of pituitary tumor

Answer 16

benign pituiary adenomas: prolactinoma

Question 17

signs and sx of pituitary tumors

Answer 17

Hormone hypersecretion (overproduction)
Related to enlarging adenomas
Ex. headache and bitemporal hemianopia (outer portion blocked off laterally)
Eventually leads to hyposecretion of other hormones

Question 18

dx of pituitary tumors

Answer 18

MRI, serum hormone level

Question 19

MC cause of hyper secretion of GH

Answer 19

GH secreting pituitary adenoma

Question 20

best screening test for hyper secretion of GH

Answer 20

serum iGF-1 (GH is pulsatile) or oral glucose tolerance test

Question 21

treatments of GH hypersecretion

Answer 21

surgery, somatostatin( octreotide acetate) or GH receptor antagonist (pegvisomant)

Question 22

sx of hyperprolactinemia in women

Answer 22

Amenorrhea, galactorrhea (breast discharge), and/or infertility
Due to estrogen deficiency: osteopenia, vaginal dryness, and hot flushes.

Question 23

sx of hyperprolactinemia in men

Answer 23

loss of libido and ED

Question 24

where are these hormones made?

Answer 24

catacholamines (epi, nor epi), cortisol, mineralcorticods (aldosterone), androgens and estrogens)

Question 25

Constellation of clinical features from excess glucocorticoids of any etiology

Answer 25

cushing’s syndrome

Question 26

hormone that does this: facilitates water reabsorption at kidney
concentrates urine
Vasoconstriction
Increases blood pressure

Answer 26

ADH

Question 27

hormone that does this: uterine smooth muscle contraction

Answer 27

oxytocin

Question 28

sx of deficiency of ADH

Answer 28

Polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia not concentrating urine, drinking a lot to make up for fluid loss

Question 29

signs of endocrine dysfunction in patients (general)

Answer 29

body size/shape changes (short/tall, wt gain or loss); fatigue, weakness, appetite, thirst/urinary changes (metabolic effects), swelling/HA, visual changes, exopthalmos (local effects), libido, impotence, fertility, puberty, breast changes (reproduction/sexual), hair/pigment/moisture/sweating (skin)