endocrine Flashcards
top 4 endocrine disorders
Diabetes (type I and II)
Thyroid disorder
Obesity/overweight
Hyperlipidemia
A group of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream which regulate the function of various organs
endocrine system
examples of hormones in these rates or rhythms
Circadian or diurnal
Pulsatile
Cyclic
Constant
Patterns that are determined by external stimuli
Circadian or diurnal i.e. cortisol (adrenal) highest in AM—test in AM
Pulsatile luteinizing hormone and estrogen in menstrual cycle and growth hormone (responds to stress)
Cyclic-days to weeks menstrual cycle
Constant thyroid hormones
Patterns that are determined by external stimuli insulin if ingested blood glucose, stress
how are hormones excreted?
Excreted either directly by the kidneys or metabolized by liver to aide excretion (made H20 soluble so can pee them out)
examples of protein/polypeptide hormones
Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin
types of hormones that travel in bound form and go through membrane to attach to receptor inside cell
steroid hormones
steroid hormone examples
adrenal androgens and corisol
what effects hormone effect?
number of molecules, receptors, and affinity of those two
coordinating center of hypothalamus-pituitary system
hypothalamus
regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep and circadian rhythm.
hypothalamus
Releases hormones that affect most endocrine systems in the body
pituiary gland
sits in sella turcica, the optic chiasm is superior, lateral - cavernous sinus
pituitary
Location: below the third ventricle, above optic chiasm
hypothalamus
Allows hormones from hypothalamus to reach anterior pituitary
hypothalamic pituitary portal circulation
why would you do each of these tests in endocrine? blood urine stimulation/provocation suppression imaging
blood; screening urine: screening stimulation/provocation: assess hypo function suppression: assess hyper function imaging: tumors
most common type of pituitary tumor
benign pituiary adenomas: prolactinoma
signs and sx of pituitary tumors
Hormone hypersecretion (overproduction)
Related to enlarging adenomas
Ex. headache and bitemporal hemianopia (outer portion blocked off laterally)
Eventually leads to hyposecretion of other hormones
dx of pituitary tumors
MRI, serum hormone level
MC cause of hyper secretion of GH
GH secreting pituitary adenoma
best screening test for hyper secretion of GH
serum iGF-1 (GH is pulsatile) or oral glucose tolerance test
treatments of GH hypersecretion
surgery, somatostatin( octreotide acetate) or GH receptor antagonist (pegvisomant)
sx of hyperprolactinemia in women
Amenorrhea, galactorrhea (breast discharge), and/or infertility
Due to estrogen deficiency: osteopenia, vaginal dryness, and hot flushes.
sx of hyperprolactinemia in men
loss of libido and ED
where are these hormones made?
catacholamines (epi, nor epi), cortisol, mineralcorticods (aldosterone), androgens and estrogens)
Constellation of clinical features from excess glucocorticoids of any etiology
cushing’s syndrome
hormone that does this: facilitates water reabsorption at kidney
concentrates urine
Vasoconstriction
Increases blood pressure
ADH
hormone that does this: uterine smooth muscle contraction
oxytocin
sx of deficiency of ADH
Polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia not concentrating urine, drinking a lot to make up for fluid loss
signs of endocrine dysfunction in patients (general)
body size/shape changes (short/tall, wt gain or loss); fatigue, weakness, appetite, thirst/urinary changes (metabolic effects), swelling/HA, visual changes, exopthalmos (local effects), libido, impotence, fertility, puberty, breast changes (reproduction/sexual), hair/pigment/moisture/sweating (skin)
