Endocrine Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

where is estrogen made in males?

A

testes

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2
Q

where is parathyroid hormone produced?

A

parathyroid glands

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3
Q

where is somatostatin produced?

A

delta cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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4
Q

where is leutenizing hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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5
Q

where are the mineralocorticoids produced?

A

ex. aldosterone

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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6
Q

where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced?

A

ACTH

in anterior pituitary

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7
Q

where is thyroid-stimulating hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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8
Q

where is epinephrine produced?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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9
Q

where is norepinephrine produced?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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10
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

beta cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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11
Q

where is estradiol produced?

A

ovaries

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12
Q

where is estriol produced?

A

placenta

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13
Q

where is estrone produced?

A

fat cells

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14
Q

clinical presentation of a male patients with excess testosterone binding protein?

A

gynocomastia

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15
Q

where is ANP produced?

A

aka atrial natriuretic peptide

atria of the heart

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16
Q

where is glucagon produced?

A

alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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17
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

testes, ovaries, & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

where is FSH prodced?

A

aka follicle-stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

where is ADH produced?

A

aka antidiuretic hormone /vasopressin

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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20
Q

where is calcitonin produced?

A

parafollicular cells (aka C cells) of the thyroid

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21
Q

where is GH produced/secreted from?

A

aka growth hormone

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

where is thyroid hormone produced/secreted from?

A

thyroid

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23
Q

where are the glucocorticoids produced/secreted from?

A

ex. cortisol

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

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24
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

ovaries and placenta

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25
where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary
26
where is oxytocin produced?
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
27
stimulates bone & muscle growth
GH
28
stimulates milk production & secretion
prolactin
29
stimulates milk secretion during lactation
oxytocin
30
responsible for female seconadary sex characteristics
estrogen
31
stimulates metabolic activity
thyroid hormone
32
increase blood glucose level & decreases protein synthesis
glucagon
33
responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
34
prepares endometrium for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy
progesterone
35
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize & secrete cortisol
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
36
stimulates follicle maturation in females & spermatogenesis in males
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
37
increases plasma calcium & increases bone reabsorption
PTH parathyroid hormone
38
decreases plasma calcium & increases bone formation
calcitonin
39
stimulates ovulation in females & testosterone synthesis in males
LH leutinizing hormone
40
stimulates thyroid to produce TH & uptake of iodine
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
41
what substances utilize tyrosine kinase receptors?
GH IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) insulin cutokines
42
what signaling molecules use cGMP as their second messenger?
vasodilators: NO (nitric oxide) & ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
43
alpha1 receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gq alpha IP3 signaling
44
alpha2 receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gi alpha decrease in cAMP
45
beta andregenic receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gs alpha activate adenylate cyclase increase cAMP
46
which hormone/receptors cause in increase in cAMP?
* LH * FSH * ACTH * TSH * hCG * PTH * CRH * GHRH * calcitonin * glucagon * V2 receptor for ADH
47
which hormone/receptors use IP3 as a second messenger?
* vasopressin/V1 receptor * oxytocin * TRH * GnRH
48
what molecules can increase ADH?
nicotine & opiates
49
what factors can decrease ADH?
ethanol ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) decreased serum osmolarity
50
why is GnRH released in a pulsatile pattern?
b/c constant stimulation of GnRH inhibits LH & FSH however, this is used to suppress testosterone synthesis in prostate cancer
51
other than constant stimulation by GnRH, what can inhibit FSH secretion?
inhibin
52
function of MSH
stimulates melanin production increases sexual arousal
53
why is skin hyperpigmentation a sign of primary adrenal insufficiency?
because MSH & ADH are translated as POMC so they are produced 1:1 thus increased MSH causing hyperpigmentation correlates to high serum levels of ADH
54
how is pregnancy prevented when a woman is breastfeeding?
prolactin inhibits GnRH
55
how should acromegaly and gigantism be tested for?
NOT by GH levels test IGF1 levels because they are less variable than GH levels confirm + by performing oral glucose tolerance test
56
cause of Sheehan syndrome
postpartum hemorrhage leads to pituitary necrosis
57
what presents with inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, & cold intolerance?
Sheehan Syndrome
58
what presents with infertility, glactorrhea, & bitemporal hemianopsia?
prolactinoma
59
signs of acromegaly
* large tongue * increase space between teeth * deep voice * large hands & feet * coarse facial features * impaired glucose tolerance
60
causes of lactation
* pregnancy/nipple stimulation * stress * prolactinoma (associated w/bitemporal hemianopsia * dopamine antagonists