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DIT > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

where is estrogen made in males?

A

testes

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2
Q

where is parathyroid hormone produced?

A

parathyroid glands

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3
Q

where is somatostatin produced?

A

delta cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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4
Q

where is leutenizing hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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5
Q

where are the mineralocorticoids produced?

A

ex. aldosterone

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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6
Q

where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced?

A

ACTH

in anterior pituitary

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7
Q

where is thyroid-stimulating hormone produced?

A

anterior pituitary

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8
Q

where is epinephrine produced?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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9
Q

where is norepinephrine produced?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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10
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

beta cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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11
Q

where is estradiol produced?

A

ovaries

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12
Q

where is estriol produced?

A

placenta

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13
Q

where is estrone produced?

A

fat cells

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14
Q

clinical presentation of a male patients with excess testosterone binding protein?

A

gynocomastia

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15
Q

where is ANP produced?

A

aka atrial natriuretic peptide

atria of the heart

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16
Q

where is glucagon produced?

A

alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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17
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

testes, ovaries, & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

where is FSH prodced?

A

aka follicle-stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary

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19
Q

where is ADH produced?

A

aka antidiuretic hormone /vasopressin

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

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20
Q

where is calcitonin produced?

A

parafollicular cells (aka C cells) of the thyroid

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21
Q

where is GH produced/secreted from?

A

aka growth hormone

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

where is thyroid hormone produced/secreted from?

A

thyroid

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23
Q

where are the glucocorticoids produced/secreted from?

A

ex. cortisol

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

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24
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

ovaries and placenta

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25
Q

where is prolactin produced?

A

anterior pituitary

26
Q

where is oxytocin produced?

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

27
Q

stimulates bone & muscle growth

A

GH

28
Q

stimulates milk production & secretion

A

prolactin

29
Q

stimulates milk secretion during lactation

A

oxytocin

30
Q

responsible for female seconadary sex characteristics

A

estrogen

31
Q

stimulates metabolic activity

A

thyroid hormone

32
Q

increase blood glucose level & decreases protein synthesis

A

glucagon

33
Q

responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

34
Q

prepares endometrium for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy

A

progesterone

35
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize & secrete cortisol

A

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

36
Q

stimulates follicle maturation in females & spermatogenesis in males

A

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

37
Q

increases plasma calcium & increases bone reabsorption

A

PTH

parathyroid hormone

38
Q

decreases plasma calcium & increases bone formation

A

calcitonin

39
Q

stimulates ovulation in females & testosterone synthesis in males

A

LH

leutinizing hormone

40
Q

stimulates thyroid to produce TH & uptake of iodine

A

TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone

41
Q

what substances utilize tyrosine kinase receptors?

A

GH

IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1)

insulin

cutokines

42
Q

what signaling molecules use cGMP as their second messenger?

A

vasodilators: NO (nitric oxide) & ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

43
Q

alpha1 receptors are what type of GCPR?

A

Gq alpha

IP3 signaling

44
Q

alpha2 receptors are what type of GCPR?

A

Gi alpha

decrease in cAMP

45
Q

beta andregenic receptors are what type of GCPR?

A

Gs alpha

activate adenylate cyclase

increase cAMP

46
Q

which hormone/receptors cause in increase in cAMP?

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • hCG
  • PTH
  • CRH
  • GHRH
  • calcitonin
  • glucagon
  • V2 receptor for ADH
47
Q

which hormone/receptors use IP3 as a second messenger?

A
  • vasopressin/V1 receptor
  • oxytocin
  • TRH
  • GnRH
48
Q

what molecules can increase ADH?

A

nicotine & opiates

49
Q

what factors can decrease ADH?

A

ethanol

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

decreased serum osmolarity

50
Q

why is GnRH released in a pulsatile pattern?

A

b/c constant stimulation of GnRH inhibits LH & FSH

however, this is used to suppress testosterone synthesis in prostate cancer

51
Q

other than constant stimulation by GnRH, what can inhibit FSH secretion?

A

inhibin

52
Q

function of MSH

A

stimulates melanin production

increases sexual arousal

53
Q

why is skin hyperpigmentation a sign of primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

because MSH & ADH are translated as POMC so they are produced 1:1

thus increased MSH causing hyperpigmentation correlates to high serum levels of ADH

54
Q

how is pregnancy prevented when a woman is breastfeeding?

A

prolactin inhibits GnRH

55
Q

how should acromegaly and gigantism be tested for?

A

NOT by GH levels

test IGF1 levels because they are less variable than GH levels

confirm + by performing oral glucose tolerance test

56
Q

cause of Sheehan syndrome

A

postpartum hemorrhage leads to pituitary necrosis

57
Q

what presents with inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, & cold intolerance?

A

Sheehan Syndrome

58
Q

what presents with infertility, glactorrhea, & bitemporal hemianopsia?

A

prolactinoma

59
Q

signs of acromegaly

A
  • large tongue
  • increase space between teeth
  • deep voice
  • large hands & feet
  • coarse facial features
  • impaired glucose tolerance
60
Q

causes of lactation

A
  • pregnancy/nipple stimulation
  • stress
  • prolactinoma (associated w/bitemporal hemianopsia
  • dopamine antagonists

DIT (1 decks)

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