Endocrine Flashcards
where is estrogen made in males?
testes
where is parathyroid hormone produced?
parathyroid glands
where is somatostatin produced?
delta cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
where is leutenizing hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
where are the mineralocorticoids produced?
ex. aldosterone
zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced?
ACTH
in anterior pituitary
where is thyroid-stimulating hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
where is epinephrine produced?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
where is norepinephrine produced?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
where is insulin produced?
beta cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
where is estradiol produced?
ovaries
where is estriol produced?
placenta
where is estrone produced?
fat cells
clinical presentation of a male patients with excess testosterone binding protein?
gynocomastia
where is ANP produced?
aka atrial natriuretic peptide
atria of the heart
where is glucagon produced?
alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
where is testosterone produced?
testes, ovaries, & zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
where is FSH prodced?
aka follicle-stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary
where is ADH produced?
aka antidiuretic hormone /vasopressin
supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
where is calcitonin produced?
parafollicular cells (aka C cells) of the thyroid
where is GH produced/secreted from?
aka growth hormone
anterior pituitary
where is thyroid hormone produced/secreted from?
thyroid
where are the glucocorticoids produced/secreted from?
ex. cortisol
zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
where is progesterone produced?
ovaries and placenta
where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary
where is oxytocin produced?
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
stimulates bone & muscle growth
GH
stimulates milk production & secretion
prolactin
stimulates milk secretion during lactation
oxytocin
responsible for female seconadary sex characteristics
estrogen
stimulates metabolic activity
thyroid hormone
increase blood glucose level & decreases protein synthesis
glucagon
responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
prepares endometrium for implantation/maintenance of pregnancy
progesterone
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize & secrete cortisol
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates follicle maturation in females & spermatogenesis in males
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
increases plasma calcium & increases bone reabsorption
PTH
parathyroid hormone
decreases plasma calcium & increases bone formation
calcitonin
stimulates ovulation in females & testosterone synthesis in males
LH
leutinizing hormone
stimulates thyroid to produce TH & uptake of iodine
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
what substances utilize tyrosine kinase receptors?
GH
IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor-1)
insulin
cutokines
what signaling molecules use cGMP as their second messenger?
vasodilators: NO (nitric oxide) & ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
alpha1 receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gq alpha
IP3 signaling
alpha2 receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gi alpha
decrease in cAMP
beta andregenic receptors are what type of GCPR?
Gs alpha
activate adenylate cyclase
increase cAMP
which hormone/receptors cause in increase in cAMP?
- LH
- FSH
- ACTH
- TSH
- hCG
- PTH
- CRH
- GHRH
- calcitonin
- glucagon
- V2 receptor for ADH
which hormone/receptors use IP3 as a second messenger?
- vasopressin/V1 receptor
- oxytocin
- TRH
- GnRH
what molecules can increase ADH?
nicotine & opiates
what factors can decrease ADH?
ethanol
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
decreased serum osmolarity
why is GnRH released in a pulsatile pattern?
b/c constant stimulation of GnRH inhibits LH & FSH
however, this is used to suppress testosterone synthesis in prostate cancer
other than constant stimulation by GnRH, what can inhibit FSH secretion?
inhibin
function of MSH
stimulates melanin production
increases sexual arousal
why is skin hyperpigmentation a sign of primary adrenal insufficiency?
because MSH & ADH are translated as POMC so they are produced 1:1
thus increased MSH causing hyperpigmentation correlates to high serum levels of ADH
how is pregnancy prevented when a woman is breastfeeding?
prolactin inhibits GnRH
how should acromegaly and gigantism be tested for?
NOT by GH levels
test IGF1 levels because they are less variable than GH levels
confirm + by performing oral glucose tolerance test
cause of Sheehan syndrome
postpartum hemorrhage leads to pituitary necrosis
what presents with inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, & cold intolerance?
Sheehan Syndrome
what presents with infertility, glactorrhea, & bitemporal hemianopsia?
prolactinoma
signs of acromegaly
- large tongue
- increase space between teeth
- deep voice
- large hands & feet
- coarse facial features
- impaired glucose tolerance
causes of lactation
- pregnancy/nipple stimulation
- stress
- prolactinoma (associated w/bitemporal hemianopsia
- dopamine antagonists
