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Nicky Endocrine BMS192 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A 
LH - luteinizing hormone
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone
Prolactin
GH- Growth hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone
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2
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Regulation of calcium ion levels in body fluids

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3
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes hormones regulating rate of glucose uptake and utilisation by body tissues (insulin & glucagon)

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4
Q

What hormones do the gonads secrete? (Testes & ovaries)

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone

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5
Q

How do cells communicate?

A

-Direct communication
Between adjacent cells via gap junctions eg. Cardiac muscle contraction

-Paracrine communication
Between nearby cells via extracellular fluid eg. Blood clotting

-Synaptic communication
Between adjacent cells via neurotransmitters

-Endocrine communication
Between distant cells/tissues via the bloodstream

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6
Q

What are the different types of hormones?

A

AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES

  • thyroid hormones
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine (catecholamines)

PEPTIDE HORMONES

  • 10-200 amino acids
  • most hormones

LIPID DERIVATIVES
-steroids eg. Oestrogen, corticosteroids

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7
Q

What happens when a hormone reaches its target cell?

A

Receptors in plasma membrane

  • peptide hormones & catecholamines are unable to cross the plasma membrane
  • hormone does not enter target cell
  • binding of hormone to receptor triggers a second messenger response inside the cell

Receptors inside the cell

  • steroid hormones (lipid derivatives) & some small uncharged amino acid derivatives (thyroid hormone) can pass through plasma membrane
  • binding of hormone to receptor inside the cell triggers a response
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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus direct control of the endocrine system?

A
  • secretion of hormones that directly target organs
  • release of regulatory hormones that control secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
  • autonomic neutrons that control secretion of hormones from the adrenal gland
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9
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • production of hormones
  • regulates eating/drinking behaviour
  • controls body temperature
  • regulates sleep/wake cycles
  • regulates emotional & behavioural response
  • control of autonomic nervous system
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10
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

What are the hormones secreted that directly target organs?

A

Oxytocin (OXT)
Uterine contractions

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)
Water retention & blood volume

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11
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

Release of regulatory hormones that control secretions of hormones from the pituitary gland

A 
TRH- thyrotropic releasing hormone
CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
GHRH- growth hormone releasing hormone
GHIH- growth hormone inhibiting hormone
PRH - prolactin releasing hormone
PIH- prolactin inhibiting hormone
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12
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

Autonomic neutrons that control secretion of hormones from the adrenal gland

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

How is communication between the hypothalamus and the endocrine glands maintained?

A

The regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus enter the hypophyseal portal system.

Hypophyseal portal system of capillaries that efficiently transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

Negative feedback control rate of hormone secretion.

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14
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Divided in to 2 lobes.

ANTERIOR LOBE
stimulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus

POSTERIOR LOBE
neural tissue that releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus
- neurosecretory cells

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15
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A 
Oxytocin - uterine contractions
Follicle stimulating hormone - sex hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone - thyroid
ACTH - steroids
Anti diuretic hormone - kidneys
Growth hormone - growth
Prolactin - mammary
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16
Q

What is the role of the human growth hormone?

A
  • growth and repair
  • tissue building
  • protein synthesis
  • fat mobilisation for use as fuel
  • conserves glucose
  • growth promoting effects mediated by somatomedins
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17
Q

How is the release of growth hormone controlled?

A

Negative feedback involving both releasing and inhibiting hormones.

18
Q

From where is ADH released?

A

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

19
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Assist with maintaining fluid balance & blood pressure

  • decreases ruin production
  • kidneys return blood to water
  • decreases sweating
  • causes constriction of arterioles
20
Q

How is the release of ADH controlled?

A
  • high blood osmotic pressure stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  • osmoreceptors activate the neurosecretory cells that synthesise and release ADH
  • nerve impulses liberate ADH from axon terminals in the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream
  • kidneys retain more water, which decreases urine output
  • low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  • inhibition of osmoreceptors reduces or stops ADH secretion
21
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

Curves across the anterior surface of the trachea

22
Q

What types of cells are found in the thyroid gland? What hormone are they responsible for?

A

Made up of follicles, which are hollow spheres surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium.

Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin - a protein that contains the amino acid tyrosine.

Tyrosine is the building block for the thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4)

C cells - produce calcitonin- released when blood calcium levels are too high

23
Q

What are the functions of triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4) ?

A

T3 & T4 are formed from tyrosine in the follicle cells.

Effects almost all cells:

  • increases in BMR increase body temperature by stimulation of glucose oxidation
  • effects fat metabolisation, protein synthesis & cholesterol synthesis by the liver
  • increases number of adrenergic receptors in the blood vessels influencing blood pressure
  • critical for normal growth - skeletal, nervous & reproductive tissue
  • promotes normal muscle function, GI motility, reproduction
24
Q

How is thyroid hormone secretion controlled?

A
  • low blood levels of T3 & T4 or low metabolic rate stimulates release of thyroid releasing hormone
  • TRH carried by hypophyseal portal veins to anterior pituitary stimulates release of TSH
  • TSH released into blood stimulates thyroid follicular cells
  • T3 & T4 released into blood by follicular cells
  • elevated T3 inhibits release of TRH & TSH ( negative feedback)
25
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

2 pairs

Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

26
Q

What are the roles of the parathyroid hormone?

A
  • manor regulation of calcium,magnesium & phosphate ions in the blood
  • increases number & activity of osteoclasts increasing serum calcium levels
  • elevates bone resorption
  • blood calcium level controls secretion of calcitonin & PTH via negative feedback
27
Q

How are calcium levels in the blood controlled?

A

When high:

  • calcitonin released by c cells in thyroid gland
  • increases calcium excretion by kidneys
  • increases calcium deposition in bones

When low:

  • PTH released by parathyroid glands
  • increases calcium reabsorption by kidneys
  • calcium is released from bones
28
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what is their structure

A
  • pyramid shaped adrenal glands are located on the superior border of each kidney
  • the cortex ( outer layer) & medulla (inner) produce different hormones
29
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • Produces steroid hormones called corticosteroids in response to ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland.
  • increases glucose storage in the liver & reduces inflammation
  • produces aldosterone in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • increase Na+ & H2o absorption by kidneys
30
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • produces epinephrine & norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nervous system
31
Q

How is secretion of adrenal hormones controlled?

A

Negative feedback control of glucocorticoid

32
Q

Where is the pancreas? What are the hormones it secretes?

A
  • Located deep in the abdomen, inferior to the stomach.
  • cluster of endocrine cells within pancreas are known as the pancreatic islets.

Within the islets:

  • alpha cells produce glucagon
  • beta cells produce insulin
33
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A
  • facilitates entry of glucose into cells when BGLs are high
  • facilitates storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver
  • facilitates protein & fatty acid synthesis
34
Q

What are the functions of glucagon?

A
  • causes conversion of glycogen back to glucose when BGLs are low
  • facilitates conversion of other nutrients to glucose
35
Q

How do pancreatic hormones influence BGLs?

A

When BGLs high, beta cells secrete insulin
Results in:
-increased glucose uptake by cells
-increased conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver & skeletal muscle

When BGLs low, alpha cells secrete glucagon
Results in:
-increase glycogen breakdown & glucose release by the liver and skeletal muscle

36
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

Part of the diencephalon, posterior to the thalamus.

37
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland hormone?

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • contributes to setting body’s biological clock
  • promotes sleepiness in small doses
38
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled?

A
  • hormones interact to maintain homeostasis & to regulate bodily functions
  • involves coordinated release of many hormones from several different organ systems

Regulated by:

  • neural signals
  • chemical changes in the blood
  • other hormones
39
Q

How do hormones effect change?

A
  • circulatory system contains a mixture of hormones
  • level of hormones change daily or even hourly.

When a cell responds to 2 hormones at the same time, 4 possible outcomes:
- ANTAGONISTIC
Hormones have opposite effect

  • ADDITIVE
    Hormones add together to increase the effect
  • PERMISSIVE
    First hormone needed for the second one to have an effect
  • INTEGRATIVE
    Hormones have different but complimentary effects
40
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

ADH - anti diuretic hormone

OXT- oxytocin

Nicky Endocrine BMS192 (1 decks)

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