Endocrine 4 Flashcards
Diabetes
What is the definition of diabates
Diabetes usually refers to diabetes mellitus
This is a group of metabolic disorders which involves persistently elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia)
- caused by deficient insulin secretion, resistance to the action of insulin or both
What is gestational diabetes mellitus?
High blood glucose during pregnancy
What is the term for diabetes mellitus which fits neither type 1 or 2?
monogenic diabetes
What is diabetes insipidus?
Reduced production of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH helps retain water in the body by reducing the amount of water lost through the kidneys, making the kidneys produce more concentrated urine.
Therefore leading to excess fluid loss in the urine
UNRELATED to diabetes mellitus
What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas which produce insulin.
lack of insulin leads to hyperglycaemia
What islet cell autoantibodies are present in type 1 diabetes?
GAD
ICA
IAA
When is the peak incidence for type 1 DM onset?
10-14 years
What is LADA?
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (25+)
Associated with GAD antibody
Slow progressing
What is ketoacidosis?
Body cells cannot access glucose for metabolism so start to metabolise fat which results in ketones as the end product building up in blood
sweet smell - pear drops
What are the symptoms for type 1 diabetes in children?
increased thirst
frequent urination
extreme hunger
unexplained weight loss
feeling tired/weak
irritability/behavioural change
fruity-smelling breathe
unexplained constipation
Why does frequent urination occur in Type 1 DM?
loss of insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells results in elevated plasma glucose levels
the excess glucose passes through the renal glomeruli in amounts that exceed the ability of the renal tubules to absorb it
the presence of glucose in the urine raises the osmotic pressure thus reducing reabsorption of water back into the body and increasing urine volume
What is the term for the presence of glucose in urine?
glucosuria.
What is the most common type of diabetes?
type 2 - 90% of cases are type 2
what is the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes?
a combination of insulin resistance and a deficiency of insulin secretion from the pancreas(due to B cell dysfunction)
this results in patients being unable to maintain glucose homeostasis leading to hyperglycaemia
what ethnicities are most at risk for developing T2DM
Black African, African Caribbean and South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) backgrounds
