endocrine Flashcards
most common cause of hyperpituitarism
adenoma in anterior lobe
unifrm polygonal cells arrayed in sheets or cords.
pituitary adenoma
distinguish pituitary adenomas from parenchyma
cellular monomorphism absence of significant reticular network
most frequent type of hyper functioning pituitary adenoma
prolactinomas
pituitary stones
prolactinomas
second most common type of functioning pituitary adenoma
somatotroph adenoma
dx somatotroph adenoma
inc GH & IGF 1 despite glucose oral load
develop n pt after surgical removal of adrenal glands for tx if cusings
nelson syndrme
causes of hypotpituitarism
non func ituitary adenoma
sheehan syd
pituitary apoplexy
empty sella syndrome
MEN 1
pituitray adenoma
hyperparatthyroidism
pancreatic tumor
assoc wt MEN 1
nonfunctioning pituitary adnoma
loss of trophic hormones
enlarged sella turcica with clinoid process erosions
bitemporal hemianopsia
nf pituitary adenoma
postpartum necrosis of ant pituitary
sheehan syndrome
ant pit enlarged without inc in blood supply
sheehan syndrome
sudden haemorrhage into the pituitary gland often into a pituitary adenoma
pituitary apoplexy
triad pituitary apoplexy
headache, diplopia, hypopituitarsism
excessive urination due to inability of the kidney to resorb water
DI
drugs causes NDU
lithium, demeclocycline
metastatic calcification of the collecting tubule basement membrane
nephrocalcinosis-NDI
CDI test
in > 50% from baseline
NDI test
CDi treatment
desmopressin
NDI tx
thiazide/ indomethacin
ADH excess resluting to hyponatremia
SIADH
most common cause of SIADH
small cell carcinoma
sx SIADH
cerebral edema, hyponatremia
most common cause of hypopituitarism in children
craniophatryngioma
craniophatryngioma derived from
Rathkes pouch
craniophatryngioma mutation
WNT signaling pathway
craniophatryngioma: dystrophic calcification spongy reiticulum, wet keratin lamellae, peripheral palisading
adamantinomas craniophatryngioma
craniophatryngioma: adult, lack keratin, calcifications, cysts
papillary
hypothyroidism in infancy
cretinism
aka myxedema
gull dses
most common cause of hypothyroidism
hashimoto thyroiditis
hashimoto thyroiditis assoc with
CTL4 polymorphisms
hashimoto thyroiditisantibodies
antithyroglobulin, anti TPO
atrophic thyroid floociles lined with hurtle cells
Hashimoto thyroiditis
de quervain thyroiditis
subacute thyroiditis
trig erred by viral infection
subacute thyroiditis
most common cause of painful thyroid gland
subacute thyroiditis
chronic inflammatory infiltrate with multinucleate giant cells
subacute thyroiditis
painless thyroiditis
lymphocytic thyroiditis
lymphocytic infiltration wt hyperplastic germinal layers
lymphocytic thyroiditis
fibrous tissue replacement of thyroid
reidel thyroiditis
triad of Graves disease
hyperthyroidism, ophthalmopthy, dermopathy
enlarging of entire gland without producing nodularity
diffuse nontoxic goiter
geographic areas wt low level of iodine
diffuse nontoxic goiter
diffuse nontoxic goiter: stimulated follicular epithelium involutes to frm an enlarged, colloid rich gland
diffuse nontoxic goiter (Colloid)
most extreme thyroid enlargements
multinodular goiter
distinguish diffuse nontoxic goiter and follicular Ca
no capsule bet hyperplastic nodules and residual copressed thyorid
diffuse nontoxic goiter: autonomous nodule produce hyperthyroidism
plummer syndrome
solitary mass from follicular epithelium
thyroid adenma
follicular adenoma with oxyphilia
hurtle cell adenoma
most common primary thyroid Ca in adults and children
papillary TC
assoc with radiation exposure
papillary TC
psamomma bodies
papillary TC
orphan annie
papillary TC
most common TC presenting as solitary cold nodule
follicuar TC
neoplastic follicles invade BV
follicuar TC
Hurthle cell carcinoma
follicuar TC
undifferentiated tumours of the thyroid follicular epithelium
follicuar TC
nnueroendocrine neoplasm derived from parafollicular cells or C cells
medullary tyroid
produce calcitonin
follicuar TC
chief cell hyperplasia. abundant water clear cells
primary hyperplasia of parathyroid
end organ resistance to PTH
pseudohypoparathyroidism
hypoca, hyperphos, enc PTH
pseudohypoparathyroidism
leukocytic infiltrates in insulin
type 1 DM
glomerular lesions
renal vascuar lesions
pyelonephritis
diabetic nephropathy
kimmelsyeil wison nodules
DM
accumulation of sorbitol and AGEs
DM retinopathy
most common pancreatic endocrine neoplasm
insulinoma
whipple triad of Insulinoma
hypogly
low plasma glucose
relief of hypo when glucose is raised to Normal
solitary tumor composed of giant islet cells and amyloid deposits
insulinoma
nesidioblastosis
insulinoma
zollinger ellison syndrome
gastrinoma
malignant islet cells that secrete gastrin
zollinger ellison syndrome
locally invasive, marked anaplasia, peptic ulcer and unresponsive tot herapy
zollinger ellison syndrome
inc level of glucagon, mild DM, characteristic skin rash (necrolytic migratory erythema) and anemia
glucagonomas
caused by any condition that produce elevated glucocorticoid leves
hypercorticolism
crooke hyaline change in pituitary gland
cushing syndrome
diffuse hyperplasia of adrenal gland
ACTH dependent cushing syndrome
nodule in adrenal gland
ACTH independent
decreased renin angiotensin system and dec renin plasma act
1 hyperaldsteronism
causes of 2 hyperaldosterism
dec renal perfusion, arterial hypovolemia and edeema, pregnancy
spironolactone bodies
aldeosterone producing adenoma
most common enzyme deficiency in CAH
21 OH def
sx of 21 OH def
ambiguous genitalia
precocious puberty in males
hyptension
massive adrenal hemorrhage
wasterhaise Friedrichsen syndrome in meningococcemia
causes of primary adrenocortical insuf
rapid withdrawal of steroids
s/sx of adds ion doesn’t occur unless
> 90% is destroyed
most common cause of adds ions dsw
autoimmune dse
irregulary shrunken gland wt variable lymphoid infiltrate
addsiosns dse
