Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen path 3 > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary adenoma may produce symptoms by _______ or _______

A

hormone production or by local mass effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

local mass effect of pituitary adenoma

A
  • compression of optic nerve leading to visual disturbances

* increased intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypofunction (hypopituitarism)

A

• may manifest as a deficiency of one hormone or multiple hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

anterior pituitary lobe derived from the

A

primitive oral cavity (Rathke’s Pouch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

posterior pituitary lobe derived from

A

neuroectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thyroid gland develops from an invagination of _______

which arises at the , in the region of the foramen cecum

A

endoderm,

base of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

thyroid gland then migrates _______to its location anterior to the thyroid cartilage

A

caudually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

histology of thyroid gland

A

follicles filled with colloid and lined by cuboidal follicular cell
small nests of C-cells scattered between the follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

o Graves disease (#1)
o ingestion of excessive exogenous thyroid hormone (TH)
o hyperfunctional multinodular goiter
o hyperfunctional thyroid adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

Hypermetabolic state, Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

thyroid storm

A
  • Abrupt onset of hyperthyroidism

* Patients can die of cardiac arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

diagnosis of hyperthyroidism

A

elevated levles of TH, decreased levels of TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common causes of hypothyroidism

A

o Ablation by surgery or radiation therapy
o Hashimoto thyroiditis
o Iodine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cretinism

A

hypothyroidism.
children
Impaired development of skeleton and CNS
Coarse facial features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myxedema

A
  • Develops in adults
  • Generalized apathy and mental sluggishness (mimics depression)
  • Cold-intolerance, obese
  • Coarse facial features, enlargement of tongue, deepening of voice, constipation, late cardiac effects
  • Accumulation of mucopolysaccharide-rich edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hypothyroidism can be ____ or _____

A

primary or secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TSH levels are ______ in primary

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

graves disease is a ______ disease

A

hyperthyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis is a _______ disease

A

hypothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism where dietary iodine is sufficient

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• Most common manifestation of thyroid disease

A

goiters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

• Diffuse and multinodular goiters reflect impaired synthesis of _______

A

thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

goiters are most often caused by

A

dietary deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Impairment of TH synthesis leads to……

A
  1. increased serum TSH
  2. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells
  3. gross enlargement of gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most thyroid nodules are

A

non-neoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which nodules are more likely to be neoplastic

A

in younger people

in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Follicular Adenoma

A

o solitary nodules, 3-5 cm in diameter

o grossly separated from the normal thyroid by a thin, discrete capsule

28
Q

accounts for 70-80% of thyroid cancers

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

29
Q

Follicular Carcinoma

A

o accounts for 10-20% of thyroid cancers
o Older age than papillary; areas with dietary iodine deficiency
o grossly may resemble an adenoma with a discrete capsule
o Must see invasion through the capsule or into the blood vessels

30
Q

this condition has lots of different nuclei affects

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

31
Q

which have mutations in the RET proto-oncogene

A

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

32
Q

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

A

derived from the parafollicular (C) cells

33
Q

which has Increased serum calcitonin

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma

34
Q

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

A

derived from the parafollicular (C) cells

uncommon

35
Q

parathyroid embryology

A

Derived from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

36
Q

parathyroid gland is composed of mostly

A

o composed mostly of chief cells (principal cells, clear cells), also oxyphil cells

37
Q

chief cells secrete

A

PTH

38
Q

function of PTH

A

increase serum calcium

39
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes

A

hypercalcemia

40
Q

difference between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

primary- an autonomous spontaneous overproduction of PTH

secondary- associated with chronic renal failure

41
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Caused by parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia

Deposition of calcium in throughout body, including blood vessels

42
Q

T/F secondary hyperparathyroidism doesnt have incrase Ca levels

A

TRUE

43
Q

DiGeorge’s syndrome is a _______ disease. and associated with that

A

autoimmune.

Hypoparathyroidism

44
Q

DiGeorge’s syndrome is

A

Hypoparathyroidism. dont have one

45
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Symptoms appear once 90% of beta cells have been destroyed

o Ketoacidosis

46
Q

o Ketoacidosis

A

Since these people are using fat as their primary energy source, excess ketones in blood, decrease in blood pH

47
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Since these people are using fat as their primary energy source, excess ketones in blood, decrease in blood pH

48
Q

• Normal glucose is ______

A

70-120mg/dL

49
Q

total lack of insulin is associated with which type

A

type 1

50
Q

insulin resistance is associated with which type of diabetes

A

type 2

51
Q

o Responsible for 80% of DM-related deaths

A

vasculopathy

52
Q

Responsible for 80% of DM-related deaths

A

vasculopathy

53
Q

vasular disease then _____ disease are main problems with diabetes

A

kidneys. (diabetic nephropathy)

54
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A
  • Diffuse glomerulosclerosis
  • 90% of diabetics within 10 years; not specific to diabetics
  • Microangiopathy around glomerular capillaries and deposition of matrix
  • Proteinuria, total renal failure
55
Q

Nodular glomerulosclerosis resuls from

A

diabetes

56
Q

Insulinoma

A

Insulin Secreting Islet Cell Tumor
• Beta cell tumor, hyperinsulinism, most are adenomas
• Hypoglycemia quickly occurs from fasting or exercise

57
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumor, hypersecretion of gastric acid, severe peptic ulcers
  • Most are malignant (60%), surgical resection
58
Q

adrenal medulla is the source of

A

epinephrine

59
Q

adrenal cortex 3 levels

A

o zona glomerulosa – mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
o zone fasciculata – glucocorticoids (cortisol)
o zona reticularis – sex hormones (estrogen/androgen)

60
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

hypercortisolism

Primary adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasm (e.g. adrenal adenoma)

61
Q

Hyperaldosteronism causes….

A

hypertension, hypokalemia

62
Q

Primary Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

A

progressive destruction of adrenal cortex

Serum ACTH may be elevated → skin and mucosal pigmentation

63
Q

Primary Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

A

progressive destruction of adrenal cortex
Serum ACTH may be elevated → skin and mucosal pigmentation

Potassium retention, sodium loss, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, volume depletion, and hypotension

64
Q

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

A

Any disorder of hypothalamus of pituitary that reduces output of ACTH
Symptoms similar to Addison’s disease
But no skin/mucosa pigmentation

65
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

neoplasm of chromaffin cells

in adrenal glands

Gen path 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions