Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine organs
A
- hypothalamus - main regulator. ling between nervous and endocrine system
- Pituitary
- Pineal
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenals
- Pancrea
- ovary/Testes
*Tropic = hormone works on another endocrine gland
2
Q
What are hormones?
A
- produced by endocrine glands
- released in blood stream and travel to different parts of the body (any part with blood)
- Different classes: metabolic, sex, and tropic
- feedback loops exist to regulate the homeostatic balance of the endocrine system: positive, negative
- we produce a LOT of hormones because a lot end up getting filtered out
- negative feedback = more negative in body, counteract hormones to calm them down
- positive feedback = enhances hormone response
3
Q
cellular signaling
A
- endocrine: hormones enter the circulatory system to effect distant tissues and glands
- paracrine: signals that do NOT enter the blood stream but instead regulate the activity of nearby cells within the same tissue (neighbors)
- autocrine: signals that regulate activity in the actual secreting cell from which they were released
4
Q
topic hormones
A
target other endocrine glands and stimulate growth and secretion of the gland
- all hypothalamus and most anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones
5
Q
water vs lipid soluble hormones
A
- water: circulate in free unbound forms: non-steroid, made of proteins, short acting responses. bind to surface receptors on outside of cell
- lipid: circulating bound to a carrier. made of cholesterol. steroids. rapid and long lasting response. pass through plasma membranes.
6
Q
steroid vs non-steroid hormones
A
STEROID: lipid-soluable.
- enter cell and nucleus directly to bind to nuclear receptors and cause a direct change within the cells
- protein synthesis (transscript and translate)
- mobile receptor model
- androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, hormones, vitamin D, retinoid
- activate DNA transcription and translation (protein synthesis)
- cholesterol
NON-STEROIDAL: water-soluble
- do NOT enter cells but bind to cell surface receptors
- deliver secondary message into the cell to induce a response
- secondary messenger model
- provides secondary hormone inside cell
- amino acids
- first messenger = signal transduction
- second messenger = calcium, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, tyrosine kinase system
7
Q
Hypothalamus Hormones
A
- temperature and osmolarity regulation
- all tropic hormones: all have affects on anterior pituitary
- without these hormones target glands will atrophy and too much will hypertrophy
- GnRH –> incease FSH, incease LH
- GHRH –> increase GH
- TRH –> increase TSH
- SS –> decrease GH, decrease TSH
- PRH –> increase PRL
- CRH –> increase ACTH
- PIH –> decreases PRL
8
Q
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
A
- Adenohypophysis: glandular
- makes its own hormones but stimulated by hypothalamus
- FSH –> gonads
- LH –> gonads
- TSH –> thyroid
- ACTH –> adrenal cortex, increases cortisol
- GH –> increases growth, increases metabolism, increases blood sugar
- PRL –> milk production
9
Q
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
A
- neurohypophysis: neurons
- doesn’t make its own hormones, hormones produced in hypothalamus and then stored and released in post pit
- Oxytocin –> smooth muscle birth delivery, mammary glands, positive feedback, cuddling and social hormones
- ADH –> increase h2o reabsorption, increases blood pressure
10
Q
Pineal Gland Hormones
A
- melatonin –> sleep cycle, menstrual cycle
11
Q
Thyroid Gland Hormones
A
- TH –> regulates metabolic rate
* T4 = thyroixine: more secreted but turned into T3
* T3 = tri-iodothyronine: activates hormones - Calcitonin –> bone building, decreases calcium in the blood and enters bones, stimulation of osteoblasts
12
Q
Parathyroid Hormones
A
- PTH –> increases calcium in blood, increases osteoclasts and breaks down bone, increases calcitriol release = Vit D, released from kidneys, increases calcium absorption in gut
13
Q
Pancreas
A
- Pancreatic Islet Cells
- alpha cells: secrete glucagon, secreted when low blood glucose, stimulates glycogeneolysis (glycogen breaks apart into glucse)
- beta cells: secrete insulin: secreted when high blood glucose, facilitated transport of glucose into muscles and liver cells
- delta cells: regulators
- insulin –> decreases blood sugar, increases glucose in liver (storage), after a meal it is secreted, anabolic hormones (leads to synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleaic acids)
- glucagon –> increases blood sugar, breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy, secreted between meals to keep blood sugar stable,
14
Q
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
A
- adrenal glands release hormones that aid in dealing with daily stressors
- all hormones derived from cholesterol
- growth and secretion stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone
*ACTH (stimulates cortisol production)
- aldosterone –> increases na+ uptake in epithelial cells, decreases blood volume
- cortisol –> released during times of stress, increases blood sugar by gluconeogensis, anti-inflammatory, immune and growth supresion, influences awareness and sleep habits, inhibits bone-protein matrix
- weak androgens and estrogens –> estrogen, DHEA
Layers:
- glomerulosa –> mineralcorticoids, aldosterone (increaess sodium reabsorption), salt, sodium
- Fasiculata –> glucocorticoids, cortisol, stress, sugar
- Reticularis –> weak androgens, DHEA, sex
15
Q
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
A
- chromaffin cells: pheochromocytes
- fight or flight responses to hypoglycemia hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, hemorrhage, glucagon, nicotine, histamine, and angiotensin II, increaes inflammation
- epi is 10X morepotent than norepi
- catecholemines –> increaess epinephine and norepinephrine
- epinephrine: adrenalin
- norepinephrine: noradrenalin
16
Q
Thymus hormones
A
- thymosin –> matures and recruits T cells (in kids)
17
Q
Gonad Hormones
A
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
18
Q
Hypothalmic Disorders
A
- infundibulum disruption –> anterior pituitary secretions decrease (mnostly caused by trauma)
- hypopituitarism –> infarction, loss of blood between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- hyperpituitarism –> benign tumor and increases secretion or hormones with a disrupted infundibulum
- only thing that would increase is prolactin release becayse PIH is inhibited
19
Q
Anterior Pituitary Disorders
A
- panhypopituitarism: affects all hormones secreted by ant. pit. blood and nercous system issues (infundibulum breaks)
- hypopituitarism: pituitary infarction/necrosis = sheehan syndrome (blood loss post partum females, reversable), hemorrhage, shock
- hyperpituitarism: typically caused by benign slow-growth pituitary adenoma, headache and fatigue, visual changes
- hypersecretion of prolactin: most common from adenoma/prolactinoma, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, osteopenia, hypogonadism, erectile hysfunction, impaired libido
20
Q
Growth Hormones Pathologies
A
- open = before puberty
- closed = after puberty
- decreased GH and open epiphysieal plates = dworfism
- decreased GH and closed epiphyseal plates = metabolic syndrome
- increased GH and open epiphyseal plates = gigantism
- increased GH and closed epiphyseal plates = acromegaly (organs grow)
21
Q
Posterior Pituitary Disorders
A
- syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion SIADH, hypersecretion of ADH, water intoxication, too much water in blood and diluted electrolytes, brain injury or infarction, pumonary disease, psychiatric drugs
- Diabetes Insipidus
22
Q
Diabetes Insipidus
A
- insufficiency of ADH: not absorbing enough water and peeing it all out
- increase in thirst
- polyuria, polydipsia
- inability to concentrate urine
- neurogenic: insufficient amounts of ADH
- dehydration, give ADH to fix (easy fix) - Nephrogenic: kidneys (DCT)
- receptor problem
- lots of increaes in ADH but receptor problem
- not easy to fix - hormones may not help to fix it - Psychogenic: excessive consumption
- mental instability
- > 10ml fluid a day
- therapy treatment
23
Q
Thyroid Disorders
A
- Hyperthyroidism: increased T3/T4, decreased TSH, decreased TRH
- graves disease = autoimmune disorder antibodies to TSH receptors on thyroid, overstimulation of t3/t4, decreased TSH and TRH, goiter
- thyrotoxicosis = producing too much t3/t4, inflammatory disorder
- thyrotoxic crisis = increased t3/t4, increased metabolism, skinny, increased dry skin, increased sleep issues - hypothyroidism: decreased T3/T4, increased TSH, increased TRH most common
- autoimmune thyroiditis/Hashimoto Disease = developed countries, iodine deficiency, antibodies to T3, T4, or thyroid
- thryroiditis = inflamm of thyroid causes decrease in T3
- postpartum thyroiditis (hypo or hyper)
- Thyroid carcinoma = sign/symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, myexedema
24
Q
Parathyroid Disorders
A
- hyperparathyroidism: increased blood calcium, hypercalcemia
- excess secretion of PTH increases threshold and decreases excitability
- skeletal and muscle weakness
- areflexia - hypoparathyroidism: decreased blood claclium
- low PTH levels
- usually caused by parathyroid damage during surgery
25
Q
Endocrine Pancreas Disorders
A
- diabetes mellitus
2. microvascular and macrovascular disease
26
Q
Diabetes Mellitus
A
- glucose intollerance
- polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia (increased hunger becayuse peeing out glucose)
- hyperglycemia = increased glucose
TYPE 1: no insulin is produced, insulin dependent
- damages pancreas
- pancratic atrophy and specific loss/damage to beta cells and loss - immune disorder or non-immune (trauma)
- give exogenous insulin to treat
- increased blood glucose but decrease of glucose in cells
- genetic susceptibility, automimmune
- viral infection, destruction of beta cells
- immune destruction of beta cells = autoantibodies, antibodies to insulin
- ketoacidosis: fruity breath
- inability to breakdown sugar leads to break down of proteins and fats
TYPE 2: insulin produced but resisted, non-insulin dependent
- increased insulin blood levels
- some insulin receptors still work
- diet and exercise decreases sugar load in blood
- years of increased blood sugar breaks down insulin receptors (resistence)
- more common (90% of people)
- risk factors: obesity, family history, ethnicity, puberty, female and metabolic syndrome (decreased GH in adulthood)
- decreased beta cell response to plasma glucose, abnormal glucagon secretion
- Glycated Hemoglobin (HBA1c) = can show history of high blood sugar for 3-4 months in the past
- glyucated = protein gets sugar stuck on it
27
Q
Acute Conditions of Diabetes Mellitus
A
- Hypoglycemia: 90% type 1, don’t eat enough before exercise, overdosing on insulin
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis: serious, rely on fat and protein to create glucose, fats and proteins break down and cause ketoacidosis, increase in catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, GH
28
Q
Microvascular and Macrovascular Disease
A
Endocine Pancreas Disorders
- microvascular:
- retinophaty - blind, both type 1 and 2
- nephropathy - damage to glomerulues, bad urine
- neuropathy - damage to nerve endings - macrovascular: Type 2 only
- coronary artery disease
- stroke
- peripheral artery disease
- atherosclerosis, increased clotting, bad diet and exercise - Infection: decreased immune function
29
Q
Adrenal Cortex Disorders
A
- cushing disease: increased ACTH leads to increased cortisol
- excessive ant pit secretion of ACTH
- excessive cortisol
leads to.. - Cushing syndrome: excessive levels of cortisol regardless of cause
- stress, tumor, adrenal cortex issues
- weight gain, fatigue - addison disease: decreased BP, dwecreased na+, decreased cortisol
- hyposecretion of adrenocorical hormones
- decreaed cortisol with possible decreased aldosterone
- fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, hypoglycemia, decreased na+, uincreased k+ and Ca - Hyperaldosteronism: Conn disease
- hypertension, myalgias, wekaness, chronic headaches, increased na+, decreased K+
- increased HP - hypersecretion of adrenal androgens and estrogens: feminizatino of males and virilization of females
30
Q
Adrenal Medulla Disorders
A
catecholamine Hypersecretion (norepi, epi)
- chromaffin cell tumor
- pheochromocytoma (benign tumor secretes too much epi/norepi)
- secretions on a continuous or episodic basis
- hypertension, headaches, sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, anxiety, chest pain
