endocrine Flashcards
hypothalamus - role
secrete releasing/inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary based upon afferent messages received
adenohypophysis - anterior pituitary secretes 6 hormones - name them and role
Negative feedback loop
GH - growth hormone
ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete more cortisol
TSH - stimulates thyroid to secrete more thyroid hormones
FSH - stimulates growth or ovarian follicles and sperm production
LH - stimulates the maturation of ovum and sperm production
Prolactin - milk production
Neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary secretes 2 hormones - name them and role
ADH - makes you pee less
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk secretion (positive feedback loop)
Pancreas - exocrine vs endocrine hormones
exocrine - bicarbonate
endocrine
Beta cells produce insulin (lower BG)
Alpha cells produce glucagon (glycogenolysis) in liver (increase BG)
Alpha and Beta cells have opposing functions
Parathyroid gland vs. thyroid gland
Parathyroid located on back of thyroid (4 glands)
secretes PTH - increases blood calcium by stimulating demineralization of bone - increase calcium absorption in the GI tract
Thyroid gland
- secretes calcitonin - puts calcium back into bone
- T4, T3
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
PTH and calcitonin have opposing functions
Adrenal Medula
secretes epi/nor-epi
Insulin
is a “key” to allow glucose entrance into cells for use as fuel in ATP production
a anabolic hormone - or storage hormone for glucose
discuss 2 types of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -
multifactoral condition - genetic/lifestyle
decreased insulin production
insulin insensitivity (80%)
pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus T1
lack of insulin production or insulin response results in decreased glucose utilization by cells and hyperglycemia
insulin deficit => decreased use of glucose in cells => hyperglycemia => glucosuria (glucose in urine) as glucose exceeds that ability of kidney tubules to reabsorb it => polyuria (pee) (taking electrolytes with it) => dehydration => polydipsia (thirst) and polyphagia (hunger)
s/s T1D
o weight loss = breaks down fat to make ATP which is used in cell cycle = reduced energy
o dehydration = BFF sugar/H2O (water follows sugar)
o Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia - pee a lot, thirsty a lot, hungry a lot
o Lethargy - not producing as much energy
hypoglycemia
insulin shock - exercising too much, not eating enough insulin, illness
ketoacidosis
T1D - no insulin => fat breakdown => increased BG => dehydration => Ph imbalances
hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic non-ketotic coma
T2D overindulged in Carbs and using more insulin than anticipated leading to hyperglycemia and dehydration => enough insulin to prevent ketoacidosis => cellular dehydration results in neurologic deficits, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech and abnormal reflexes
T1/T2 Vascular complications - 2 types
o vascular complications in small and large arteries => sugar promotes inflammation in BV => atherosclerosis
macroangiopathy => affects large arteries => higher incidence of heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vacular disease, ulcers on feet and legs that are slow to heal, peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication (pain when walking), frequent infections and gangrenous ulceers
microangiopathy => affects capillary basement membrane => obstruction or rupture of capillaries and small arteries => tissue necrosis and loss of function
• retinopathy, kidneys, diabetic neuropathy, chronic renal failure, decreased function of sensory, motor and autonomic nervous system fibers
T1/T2 complications: Neuropathy
o Neuropathy => peripheral: impaired sensation, nubness, tingling, weakness, muscle wasting; autonomic nerve degeneration develops leading to incontinence, impotence and diarrhea; impaired vasomotor reflexes may cause dizziness upon standing up
