endocrine

Question 1

adrenal insufficiency is aka…

what is AI

Answer 1

inadequate production of adrenal hormones including glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

Question 2

addisons disease. Primary AI is

Answer 2

autoimmune adrenal cortical destruction leading to deficiency in mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 3

Secondary/Tertiary AI is caused by?

Answer 3

decreased ACTH production by the pituitary. most often due to cessation of long term glucocorticoid treatment.

Question 4

labs of adrenal insufficiency show

Answer 4

hyponatremia, EOSINOPHILIA, hyperkalemia, possibly hypercalcemia,

Question 5

8am plasma cortisol level for AI

Answer 5

At 8am, cortisol level is less than 3 if there is no exogenous glucocorticoid administration. Failure of cortisol to rise above 18 following ACTH administration confirms the diagnosis

Question 6

genetic causes of pheochromocytom

Answer 6

MEN 2A/2B, von Hippel-Lindau, neurofibromatosis

Question 7

MEN2A/2B components

Answer 7

MEN2a -pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma, parathyroidma

MEN 2b
pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma, marfanoid habitus/ mucosal neuromas.

Question 8

blood test for pheochromocytoma?

Answer 8

elevated plasma free metanephrines or 24 hour urine metanephrine

Question 9

conns syndrome. how does it present?

Answer 9

hyperaldosteronism from a unilateral adrenal adenoma.

really high blood pressure, high BP, urine chloride low, renin low, alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesium

Question 10

labs in hyperaldosteronism

Answer 10

hypokalemia, alkalosis, HTN, hypomagnesium, increased aldosterone/renin ratio

Question 11

treatment for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing hyperaldosteronism

Answer 11

spironalactione is aldosterone receptor blocker

Question 12

MEN type 1

Answer 12

3 p’s: pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid

Question 13

MEN 2A

Answer 13

medullary thyroid ca, pheochromocytoma or adrenal hyperplasia, parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 14

MEN 2B

Answer 14

medullary thyroid ca, pheochromocytoma, oral and intestinal neuromas, marfanoid habitus

Question 15

what is the mechanism behind a person with primary hypothyroidism developing hyperprolactinemia?

Answer 15

chronically increased TRH overpowers dopamines inhibitory effect on prolactin release and causes secondary hyperprolactinemia. An increase in prolactin causes suppression of GnRH –> secondary amenorrhea

Question 16

potential complications of hypothyroidism

Answer 16

~hypercholesterolemia due to decreased renal excretion of LDLs
~HTN due to increased TPR
~hyperprolactinemia which suppresses GnRH –>secondary amenorrhea
~

Question 17

Hormone features of turners

Answer 17

high fsh
high LH
low estrogen
buccal smear w/normal epithelial cells with no barr bodyies

Question 18

Metabolic syndrome symptoms

Answer 18

Insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, HTN

Question 19

What does gonadotrophins (fsh/lh) look like in pcos?

Answer 19

Increased fsh

Increased LH

Question 20

another name for PCOS

Answer 20

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Question 21

low sex hormone binding globulin is PCOS is cause by

Answer 21

high levels of androgens