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Endocrinology, life cycle and RCR2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

roof of mouth

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2
Q

What does the Ant Pit secrete?

A

GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin

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3
Q

How is the release of hormones from the ant pit controlled?

A

Hormonally controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are some cell types for the ant pit?

A

Corticotrophs (dark) somatotrophs (light)

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5
Q

Where is the post pituitary derived from?

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

What does Post pit secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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7
Q

How is the release of hormones from the post pit controlled?

A

Neurosecretory, held in Herring bodies

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8
Q

What arteries supply the pituitary?

A

Superior and Inferior hypophyseal arteries connected by the trabecular artery

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9
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?

A

NA and Adrenaline

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10
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal cortex called?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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11
Q

What does Zona G produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

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12
Q

What does Zona F produce?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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13
Q

What does zona R produce?

A

Sex steroids (Androgens)

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14
Q

What is the arterial supply to the adrenal gland?

A

renal and inferior phrenic arteries

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15
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenals?

A

L- left renal vein

R - IVC

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16
Q

What is a Pheochromocytoma?

A

Andrenal medullary tumour (XS catecholamines)

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17
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Adrenal cortex tumour (XS androgens)

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18
Q

What nerves supply the adrenal gland?

A

T10 - L1

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19
Q

What cells are in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

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20
Q

What do Chromaffin cells do?

A

Adrenaline, NA

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21
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid?

A

Superior and Inferior thyroid arteries

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22
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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23
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the thyroid?

A

Pretracheal and paratracheal to deep cervical nodes.

Prelaryngeal to superior cervical nodes

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24
Q

what is a goitre?

A

Enlarged Thyroid

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25
Q

What might be a clinical problem of a goitre?

A

Oesophageal or tracheal obstruction

Compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve

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26
Q

What types of cells are in the Thyroid and what do they do?

A 
Follicular cells (secrete T3/T4)
Parafollicular cells (Secretes Calcitonin - opposes PTH)
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27
Q

What is the arterial supply of the Parathyroid gland?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

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28
Q

What cells are in the Parathyroid gland and what do they do?

A

Chief cells (PTH)
Oxyphil cells
Adipocytes

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29
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pancreas?

A

Splenic and pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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30
Q

What is the venous drainage of the Pancreas?

A

Splenic and pancreaticoduodenal veins to the hepatic portal vein

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31
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the Pancreas?

A

Coeliac and superior mesenteric nodes

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32
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Regulates circadian rhythm and secretes melatonin when dark.

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33
Q

What hormones control the ovaries and testes?

A

FSH and LH

34
Q

How do Thyroid hormones travel through the blood?

A

Bound to proteins. Dissosciates at receptors. Buffering system

35
Q

How does Thyroxine travel through the blood?

A

Bound to Thyroxine binding protein (TBG)

36
Q

What inhibits oxytocin?

A

Stress and alcohol

37
Q

How does ADH work?

A

Produced aquaporins in the collecting ducts = more water reabsorbed.

38
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Lack of ADH

39
Q

What may cause Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Whiplash injury/tumour

40
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

Thirst, frequent urination, dilute urine

41
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion. Usually caused by tumour

42
Q

What is the result of decreased GH in adults and kids?

A

Adults - disordered metabolism

Kids - failure to grow

43
Q

What is the result of increased GH in adults and kids?

A

Adults - acromegaly

Kids - gigantism

44
Q

What is inc GH usually caused by?

A

Pituitary tumour

45
Q

What is a risk of a pituitary tumour (other than hormonal)?

A

Compression of optic chiasm = bitemporal hemianopia

46
Q

What is a prolactinoma?

A

A pituitary tumour causing xs secretion of prolactin.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of prolactinoma?

A

Lactation, periods stop

Low libido, erectile dysfunction

48
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

Adrenal cortex to produce Cortisol

49
Q

What is DHEA?

A

A sex hormone produced from the adrenal cortex - mostly used in foetal life. Dec with age.

50
Q

What does Adrenaline form from?

A

Tyrosine > Dopamine > NA > Adrenaline

51
Q

What is Cushings syndrome and name some symptoms?

A

XS cortisol causing fat deposition, muscle wasting, high BP, high glucose etc.

52
Q

What is cushings disease?

A

Cushing syndrome caused by a pituitary tumour secreting too much ACTH (secondary Cushing syndrome)

53
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary Cushing syndrome?

A

primary - Inc Cortisol due to adrenal tumour

Secondary - Inc cortisol due to inc ACTH due to pituitary tumour (Cushing disease)

54
Q

What is Addisons disease? Name symptoms.

A

Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency.

Weak, weight loss, low glucose, high potassium, hypotension

55
Q

What are the primary and secondary causes of Addisons disease?

A

Primary - Adrenal damage

Secondary - Pituitary dysfunction (low ACTH)

56
Q

How do you treat Addisons disease?

A

Corticosteroid replacement

57
Q

What is hyperaldosteronism caused by?

A

Primary - adrenal tumour (Conn’s syndrome)

Secondary - low blood volume

58
Q

What are the consequences of hyperaldosteronism?

A

High BP, hypokalaemia

59
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

deficiency in adrenal enzymes = dec. mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
Less glucocorticoids = less cortisol = more ACTH = xs androgens = ambiguous genitalia at birth

60
Q

What causes ambiguous genitalia at birth

A

Problem with adrenal gland causes less glucocorticoids = less cortisol = more ACTH = xs androgens = ambiguous genitalia at birth

61
Q

What is the precursor to steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Placenta or corpus luteum.

63
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Prepares endometrium, thickens cevical mucus, inhibits uterine contractions, suppresses lactation

64
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Adrenals and Leydig cells

65
Q

What does FLUTAMIDE do?

A

Blocks Androgen receptors

66
Q

What would you use to treat Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, hirtuism, acne etc?

A

FLUTAMIDE

67
Q

Name a pro-Androgen

A

STANOZOLOL

68
Q

What does STANOZOLOL do?

A

Inc muscle mass, increaes recovery from injury. Pro-androgen.

69
Q

Name and Aromatase inhibitor

A

ANASTROZOLE

70
Q

What is ANASTROZOLE used for?

A

Blocks aromatase. Used in Breast cancer.

71
Q

Name and anti-oestrogen?

A

TAMOXIFEN

72
Q

What is TAMOXIFEN?

A

Anti-oestrogen

73
Q

How are T3/T4 formed?

A

Iodide from blood is taken up into follicular cells where they are oxidised and bound to tyrosines.
Tyrosines pair up to make T3 or T4 depending on the number of iodine molecules involved.

74
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

Autoimmune condition causing an enlarged thyroid gland as there is an antibody matching the TSH receptor.

75
Q

What are toxic nodules?

A

Toxic nodules on the thyroid gland which overproduce T4

76
Q

What is thyroid eye disease?

A

TRAb antibody stimulates TSH receptors in orbit = fibrobalsts make collagen and tissues swell

77
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Reabsorb bone

78
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build up bone

79
Q

What is calcium in blood bound to?

A

Albumin

80
Q

What does PTH do?

A 
Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
Allows PCT to reabsorb more calcium
Makes calcitriol (promotes calcium reabsorption from gut)
81
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Active vit D

82
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Antagonises PTH. Decreases plasma Calcium

Endocrinology, life cycle and RCR2 (4 decks)

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