ENDOCRINE Flashcards
What is the role of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system regulates growth, metabolism, and stress response using hormones.
What are the major structural classes of hormones?
- Amino Acid Derivatives 2. Peptide Hormones 3. Lipid Derivatives
What are the three types of stimuli that can lead to hormonal secretion?
- Humoral Stimuli 2. Hormonal Stimuli 3. Neural Stimuli
How does exercise affect hormonal changes?
Exercise acts as a metabolic stressor, leading to hormonal changes to maintain energy for muscle work.
What are amino acid derivatives?
Hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine, such as epinephrine and thyroid hormones.
What are peptide hormones?
The largest group of hormones, including ADH, oxytocin, insulin, and glucagon.
What are lipid derivatives?
Hormones primarily based on cholesterol, such as testosterone and cortisol.
How are hormones distributed in the body?
Hormones are rapidly distributed through the bloodstream and can be inactivated by various processes.
What factors influence hormone levels?
Quantity synthesized, rate of secretion and catabolism, availability of transport proteins, plasma volume changes.
What is the mechanism of action for peptide and amine hormones?
They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messengers like cAMP.
How do steroid and thyroid hormones act?
They pass through the membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, altering gene transcription.
What is the role of cAMP in hormonal signaling?
cAMP acts as a second messenger activated by amine hormones, leading to changes in cellular activities.
What triggers insulin secretion?
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels.
What is the function of glucagon?
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver.
How does exercise affect insulin and glucagon responses?
Exercise reduces glucagon and insulin responses, especially after prolonged training.
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
An autoimmune condition leading to the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
What characterizes Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
How does exercise benefit individuals with Type 2 Diabetes?
Exercise lowers blood glucose, improves insulin sensitivity, and helps prevent complications.
What is the importance of exercise in managing Type 2 Diabetes?
Exercise helps reduce insulin requirements and improves diabetes control.
What role do testosterone and estrogen play in exercise?
They are involved in muscle growth and repair during resistance training.
What is the HPA axis?
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates cortisol release during exercise.
What is the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on diabetes?
HIIT improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control more efficiently than moderate-intensity exercise.
What is the role of growth hormone (GH) in exercise?
GH promotes muscle growth and is released in response to exercise.
What is the significance of HbA1C in diabetes management?
HbA1C is a better long-term indicator of glucose control than daily blood glucose levels.
