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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the drug names you should know that are classified as NSAIDs?

A

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Celecoxib

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) include aspirin and ibuprofen.

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2
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A protective response to tissue injury and infection characterized by a vascular reaction

This involves fluid, blood elements, leukocytes, and chemical mediators accumulating at the injured site.

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3
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
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4
Q

What occurs during the vascular phase of inflammation?

A

Occurs 10 to 15 minutes after injury, associated with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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5
Q

What is the function of the Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme?

A

Converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins

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6
Q

What are the differences between cox 1 and cox2

A
  • Cox 1: protects stomach lining
    Regulates blood platelets
    Cox 2: inflammation
    Pain
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7
Q

What is the action and use of Aspirin?

A

Non-selective COX inhibitor, used for anti-inflammatory/pain in arthritic conditions and as an anti-platelet for cardiac/cerebrovascular disorders.

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8
Q

What is the maximum dosage of Aspirin?

A

3200 mg/day

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9
Q

What are the side effects of Aspirin?

A
  • GI distress
  • Dizziness
  • Tinnitus
  • Hyperventilation
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Reye syndrome
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10
Q

What should patients avoid while taking Aspirin?

A

Other NSAIDs, alcohol, and glucocorticoids

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11
Q

What is the action of Ibuprofen?

A

Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

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12
Q

What are the common side effects of Ibuprofen?

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Gastric distress
  • Tinnitus
  • Nephrotoxicity
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13
Q

What is a selective COX-2 inhibitor?

A

Celecoxib

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14
Q

What are the benefits of using Celecoxib for long-term treatment?

A

Decreased risk for gastrointestinal bleeding

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15
Q

What is the action of corticosteroids?

A

Control inflammation by suppressing or preventing components of the inflammatory process

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16
Q

What is Allopurinol used for?

A

Anti-gout medication that lowers uric acid levels

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17
Q

What should patients avoid while taking Allopurinol?

A

Foods rich in purines, such as beer and organ meats

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18
Q

What is the antidote for Acetaminophen overdose?

A

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

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19
Q

What are the side effects of Acetaminophen?

A
  • Rash
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Renal failure
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20
Q

What is the action of Morphine?

A

Suppresses pain impulses and respiration

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21
Q

What are common side effects of Morphine?

A
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Respiratory depression
  • Urinary retention
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22
Q

What is the function of Naloxone?

A

Blocks opioid receptors and reverses effects of opioid overdose

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA)?

A

Provides near-constant analgesic level and allows patient to manage their pain

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24
Q

What are adjuvant therapies?

A

Treatments used alongside nonopioid and opioid therapies

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25
What is neuropathic pain?
Pain caused by damage to the nervous system
26
What is the difference between nonopioid and opioid analgesics?
Nonopioid analgesics are less potent than opioids and used for mild to moderate pain.
27
Fill in the blank: The maximum daily dose of Acetaminophen is _______.
4 g/day
28
True or False: Acetaminophen can cause GI upset.
False
29
What should be monitored when a patient is on Morphine?
Vital signs and potential for respiratory depression
30
What is a common side/adverse effect of opioid therapy?
Nausea/vomiting/Constipation Decrease BP/orthostatic Urinary retention respiratory depression Cough suppression Miosis Pruritus Dependency
31
What vital signs should be monitored continuously for a patient on morphine?
Bp and respiratory depression
32
What drug should be administered for a patient with a respiratory rate of 6 breaths/min receiving morphine?
Naloxone Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioids.
33
What are contraindications of morphine therapy?
Head injury Respiratory disorder
34
Fill in the blank: A patient receiving morphine may experience _______ as a side effect.
Nausea ## Footnote Nausea is a common side effect associated with opioid use.
35
True or False: Hypertension is a common side effect of morphine therapy.
False ## Footnote Opioids are more commonly associated with hypotension rather than hypertension.
36
What is a potential cardiovascular effects of morphine therapy?
Hypotension
37
What does growth hormone (GH) stimulate?
Stimulates growth in tissue and bone
38
What is the drug used for growth hormone deficiency?
Somatropin
39
List three side effects of growth hormone deficiency treatment.
* Paresthesia/weakness * peripheral edema/ cephalgia * Arthralgia/ myalgia
40
What drugs are used for growth hormone excess?
* Pegvisomant * Lanreotide * Octreotide * Bromocriptine
41
List side effects of growth hormone excess treatment.
* Hyperhidrosis/ cephalgia/ fatigue * Chest pain/ htn/Bradycardia/dysrhythmias elevated hepatic transaminases * Gi distress/ Constipation/ weightloss/ flatulence
42
What hormone does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulate?
Stimulates thyroid gland to release T3, T4
43
What is the drug used to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism?
Thyrotropin
44
What hormone does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate the release of?
* Cortisol * Aldosterone * Androgen
45
What is the drug used to diagnose adrenal insufficiency?
Cosyntropin, corticotropin
46
What hormone stimulates breast tissue for milk production?
Prolactin (PRL)
47
What drugs are used for prolactin excess?
* Bromocriptine * Cabergoline
48
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) promote?
Water reabsorption from renal tubules
49
What condition is caused by ADH deficiency?
Diabetes insipidus
50
List two ADH replacement preparations.
* Vasopressin * Desmopressin acetate
51
What condition is caused by ADH excess?
SIADH – excess amount of water retention
52
What are the treatment options for SIADH?
* Fluid restrictions * Hypertonic saline * Demeclocycline * Conivaptan * Tolvaptan
53
What is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin
54
What is the function of thyroid gland hormones?
Regulate calcium and metabolism
55
What causes primary hypothyroidism?
Decreased T4 and elevated TSH levels
56
What is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism replacement therapy?
Levothyroxine sodium
57
What characterizes hyperthyroidism?
Weightloss Exophthalmos Tachycardia Hyperhidrosis, heat intolerance Nervousness, irritability
58
What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism?
* Subtotal thyroidectomy * Radioactive iodine therapy * Antithyroid drugs
59
What are the two main hyperthyroid drugs and their interactions?
* Propylthiouracil * Methimazole Increase anticoag decrease insulin Dig & lithium increase thyroid meds effect Phenytonin increase T3
60
What is the action of glucocorticoids?
Affect inflammatory response, growth
61
What is Cushing syndrome?
Glucocorticoid hypersecretion
62
What should a patient be advised to check when taking calcitonin?
OTC drugs for possible calcium content
63
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Enhances calcium release from bones
64
What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?
Parathyroid hormone deficiency/damage Hypomagnesemia/Hypocalcemia/Vit D deficiency Renal impairment/Diuretics
65
What is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism?
* Partial or full parathyroidectomy * Calcitonin-salmon * Calcimimetic * Biphosphates
66
True or False: Levothyroxine sodium is used to treat chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
True
67
What should patients on levothyroxine be monitored for?
Nervousness
68
What is the appropriate action when switching from hydrocortisone to prednisone?
The dose needs to be tapered off over 1 to 2 weeks
69
What is the role of the adrenal medulla?
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
70
What is the effect of glucocorticoid therapy on blood glucose?
Can cause hyperglycemia
71
What should patients be cautious about when discontinuing glucocorticoids?
Taper off gradually upon discontinuation
72
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Chronic disease resulting from deficient glucose metabolism due to insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
73
What are the types of Diabetes Mellitus?
* Type 1: Insulin-dependent DM * Type 2: Non-insulin-dependent DM * Secondary: Due to medications * Gestational: Due to hormonal changes
74
What is the function of insulin?
Promotes uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids; converts glucose to glycogen in liver and muscle for future needs.
75
How is insulin currently manufactured?
Using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology.
76
Name two human insulin products.
* Humulin R * Novolin N
77
What are the types of insulin based on duration?
* Rapid-acting * Short-acting * Intermediate-acting * Long-acting * Combinations
78
What is rapid-acting insulin?
Insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine, oral inhalation insulin.
79
What is sliding-scale insulin?
Insulin coverage adjusted based on individual blood glucose levels, often involving rapid or short-acting insulin.
80
What are common side effects of insulin?
* Hypoglycemia * Allergic reactions * Insulin resistance
81
What are the methods of insulin administration?
* Insulin pen injectors * Insulin pumps * Insulin jet injectors
82
What are the criteria for using oral antidiabetic drugs?
* Onset of diabetes at age 40 or older * Diagnosis of diabetes for less than 5 years * Normal weight or overweight * Fasting blood glucose 200 mg/dL or less * Less than 40 units of insulin required per day * Normal renal and hepatic function
83
What is the action of metformin?
* Decrease hepatic production of glucose/Increases insulin receptor sensitivity * Diminish increase in serum glucose after meals * Blunt postprandial hyperglycemia/Increase peripheral glucose/uptake at the cellular level *Decrease glucose absorption from small intestine
84
What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors used for?
Inhibit digestive enzymes in the small intestine responsible for releasing glucose from complex carbohydrates.
85
What are common side effects of glucagon-like peptide agonists?
* Headache * Dizziness * Fatigue * Nausea * Vomiting
86
What is the action of amylin analogues?
Suppress glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, and induce satiety.
87
What does glucagon do?
Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis.
88
What is the action of diazoxide?
Increases blood glucose by inhibiting insulin release and stimulating epinephrine release.
89
Fill in the blank: Insulin-induced hypoglycemia can be treated with _______.
Glucagon
90
True or False: Oral antidiabetics should be taken without food.
False
91
In what scenario should sliding-scale insulin be administered?
When the breakfast tray is served and ready to eat.
92
What is a common side effect of metformin?
Bitter or metallic taste.
93
Which type of insulin is likely administered at bedtime for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin glargine.
94
Side effects of Thyrotropin
Hyperthyroidism symptoms Rash Pruritus Urticaria Flushing
95
Causes of decreased T4 and elevated TSH levels
Acute/chronic inflammation of thyroid gland Radioiodine therapy Excessive ingestion of antithyroid drugs Thyroidectomy
96
Levothroxine does what
Increase T4 Treats simple goiter Treats lymphocytic thyroiditis Increases metabolism
97
Causes of hyperthyroidism
Increase T3,T4 Graves disease Thyrotoxicosis
98
Levothyroxine
Avoid broccoli, cabbage, coffee, soy, salt , shellfish Take on empty stomach Synthetic T3 (increase T4) Replaces hormone naturally prod by thyroid Regulates energy and metabolism Watch for thyroid storm/thyroid crisis Treat hypothyroidism
99
Thyroid storm
Apathy/Behavioral changes /Confusion Dysrhythmias/Tachycardia/Heart failure/Hypertension in beginning, hypotension later Fever/Flushed skin
100
Prednisone
Avoid: abruptly stop/herbs/laxatives / large crowds EAT/Increase potassium Daily weight / water retention/sodium absorption (hyperaldosteronism) Labs: WBC glucose Long term use cause hyperglycemia Monitor hypokalemia
101
Growth hormone
No oral ingestion (gi enzymes inactivate)/Not for athletes Targets body tissue and bone Long term use causes hyperglycemia Given before epiphyses are fused Linear growth with deficiency
102
Calcitriol
Promotes calcium absorption from Gi and bones Given for hypoparathyroidism Lab values 8-10 Monitor calcium Used to treat hypocalcemia
103
ADH
Promotes water reabsorption from renal tubeless to maintain water balance Decreases urine output Record urine output, assess dw Monitor decreased systolic bp Replacement of this hormone corrects DI Vasopressin and desmopressin
104
What is Addison disease caused by?
Glucocorticoid hyposecretion
105
Mineralocorticoids examples, action, uses, side effects
Fludrocortisone (oral) Mineralocorticoid Promotes sodium retention/potassium and hydrogen ion excretion Use: adrenocortical insufficiency Side effects: fluid overload, HTN/ hypokalemia/ Gi distress

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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