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Physiology B > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary requirement for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

A

Coordination of cells, tissues, and organs

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2
Q

What are the modes of intercellular communication?

A

Neurotransmitters, endocrine hormones, neuroendocrine hormones, paracrines, autocrines, cytokines

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3
Q

Define neurotransmitters.

A

Chemical messengers released by neurons that act locally to control nerve cell functions

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4
Q

What are endocrine hormones?

A

Hormones released by glands into the blood that influence target cells at distant locations

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5
Q

What are paracrines?

A

Substances secreted by cells that affect neighboring target cells of a different type

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6
Q

What are autocrines?

A

Substances secreted by cells that affect the function of the same cells that produced them

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7
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Peptides secreted by cells that can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones

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8
Q

List the three major classes of hormones.

A
  • Peptide hormones
  • Amine hormones
  • Steroid hormones
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9
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesized?

A

They are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as inactive preprohormones

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10
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

A group of amine hormones that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is the primary source of steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

What factors affect plasma hormone concentration?

A
  • Rate of hormone secretion
  • Rate of hormone elimination
  • Extent of hormone binding to plasma proteins
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13
Q

What is simple negative feedback in hormone secretion?

A

A hormone inhibits its own further secretion

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14
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

An excess or deficiency of secretion by the target gland

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15
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

An excess or deficiency of secretion by the pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is a tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

An excess or deficiency of secretion by the hypothalamus

17
Q

What is meant by positive feedback in hormone secretion?

A

The effects of a hormone result in further hormone secretion

18
Q

Fill in the blank: Peptide hormones dissolve in plasma and are carried as _______ molecules in blood.

A

free

19
Q

What are the locations of hormone receptors?

A
  • Cell membrane (for protein, peptide, catecholamines)
  • Cytoplasm (for steroid hormones)
  • Nucleus (for thyroid hormones)
20
Q

What is receptor down-regulation?

A

A decrease in the number of receptors in response to increased hormone concentration

21
Q

What is up-regulation of receptors?

A

An increase in the number of receptors or intracellular signaling proteins in response to a hormone

22
Q

What is the first step of a hormone’s action?

A

Binding to specific receptors at the target cell

23
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Molecules that relay signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell

24
Q

List some molecules that function as second messengers.

A
  • cAMP
  • Ca2+
  • Products of membrane phospholipid breakdown
25
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

Controls the secretion of several target endocrine glands

26
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

A

The concept that pituitary hormone secretion is controlled by release factors from the hypothalamus

27
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin
28
Q

What is the function of somatotropes in the anterior pituitary?

A

Secrete growth hormone (GH)

29
Q

What stimulates the secretion of TSH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

30
Q

What is the primary inhibitory factor for prolactin secretion?

A

Prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF), now known to be dopamine

Physiology B (2 decks)

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