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Module Six > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A hormone that is released and signals back to the same cell is called what?

A

Autocrine

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2
Q

A hormone that originates in a neurone is called what?

A

Neurocrine

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3
Q

What is a permissive effect?

A

One hormone is needed to amplify the signal of another hormone.

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4
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

Two hormones work together to produce an effect

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5
Q

Insulin and glucagon have what effect on eachother?

A

Antagonistic. Insulin promotes glycogen production and glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown.

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6
Q

What type of hormones are lipid soluble?

A

Steroid hormones

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7
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are derivatives of what essential amino acid?

A

Phenylalanine

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8
Q

What hormones are derivatives of arachidonic acid?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes

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9
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Insufficient cortisol release by the adrenal glands

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

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11
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

Pituitary adenoma causing high levels of cortisol

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12
Q

What are the main causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

CAPE:
Cushing’s disease (a pituitary adenoma releasing excessive ACTH)
Adrenal adenoma (an adrenal tumour secreting excess cortisol)
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Exogenous steroids (patients taking long-term corticosteroids)

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13
Q

What are the two types of corticosteroid hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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14
Q

The hypothalamus releases hormones that stimulate what other gland?

A

Pituitary

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15
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are released by what part of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior

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16
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin.

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17
Q

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce what hormones?

A

T3 and T4

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18
Q

Describe the feedback loop of T3 and T4 on their production?

A

Negative feedback.
TRH/TSH stimulates T3/T4. T3/T4 then suppress TRH/TSH release which reduces T3/T4 which stimulates TRH/TSH etc etc.

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19
Q

What hormone is released by the hypothalamus to control cortisol levels?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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20
Q

Typically, cortisol peaks at what time of day?

A

Morning

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21
Q

ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce what hormone?

A

Cortisol

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22
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the immune system?

A

Supression

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23
Q

What effect does cortisol have on blood sugar levels?

A

Increases

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24
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the release of what hormone by the liver?

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

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25
Q

Aldosterone is what type of hormone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

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26
Q

Aldosterone has what effects in the distal tubule of the kidneys?

A

Sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

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27
Q

Renin is released in response to what stimulus?

A

Low blood pressure in the kidney arterioles

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28
Q

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

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29
Q

Renin is an enzyme that converts what into what?

A

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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30
Q

Water soluble hormones act on what types of receptors?

A

Tyrosine kinase or GPCRs

31
Q

Lipid soluble hormones act on what types of receptors?

A

Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

32
Q

What organ releases ghrelin?

A

Stomach

33
Q

L-Cells in the gut secrete which hormone and what effect does this have?

A

GLP-1, insulin secretion and reduced appetite

34
Q

GLP-1 is released in response to what?

A

Eating/Post-prandally

35
Q

What is the other name for the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

Neurohypophysis = posterior
Adenohypophysis = anterior

36
Q

The pons lies where in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior

37
Q

The pituitary glands lies in a fossa that is part of which bone?

A

Sphenoid bone

38
Q

What lies laterally to the pituitary gland?

A

Cavernous sinus

39
Q

Acidophils secrete what hormones?

A

Prolactin and growth hormone

40
Q

Basophils secrete what hormones?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

41
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary?

A

Pars intermedia

42
Q

What is the other name for the pituitary stalk?

A

Infundibulum

43
Q

Which part of the pituitary contains hormone synthesising cells?

A

Anterior

44
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Dilations of the terminal end of neurons in the posterior pituitary that temporarily store hormones

45
Q

The hypophyseal arteries originate from what artery?

A

Internal carotid

46
Q

The ophthalmic vein drains into what?

A

Cavernous sinus

47
Q

Name the contents of the cavernous sinus

A

Oculomotor nerve (CNIII), trochlear nerve (CN IV), Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal (CNV1), Maxillary branch of trigeminal (CNV3), carotid artery, abducens nerve (CN VI)

O TOM CAT

48
Q

Visual loss of the lateral fields in both eyes is called what? What does it indicate?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia.
Optic chiasm compression (due to pituitary adenoma)

49
Q

Where is the optic chiasm in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior

50
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from what embryological germ layer?

A

Surface ectoderm

51
Q

The posterior pituitary is derived from what embryological germ layer?

A

Neuroectoderm

52
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Neurotransmitters- adrenaline and noradrenaline

53
Q

Which part of the adrenal glands secrete catecholamines?

A

Medulla

54
Q

Which part of the adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones?

A

Cortex

55
Q

What embryological germ layer is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Neural crest ectoderm

56
Q

What embryological germ layer is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesoderm

57
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and their secretory hormones

A

(From lateral to medial)
Zona glomerulosa = aldosterone
Zona fasciculata = cortisol
Zona reticularis= androgens

58
Q

Mainly, ACTH acts to increase activity in which layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasciculata

59
Q

What is the precursor to steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

60
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the effects of cortisol?

A

A BIG FIB

Appetite, blood pressure increase, insulin resistance, gluconeogenesis, fibroblast activity reduction, immune suppression, bone remodelling.

61
Q

What symptoms might be observed in an Addisonian crisis?

A

Vomiting and diarrhoea, hypotension, LOC, convulsions, and hypoglycaemia

62
Q

What are the physiological effects of excessive glucorticoids?

A

Muscle wasting, skin thinning, osteoporosis, centripetal obesity, immunosuppression, hyperglycaemia etc..

63
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism caused by adrenal adenoma

64
Q

The left and right adrenal glands are what shape respectively?

A

Semilunar and triangular

65
Q

What cells are closely packed inside the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells

66
Q

What test is used to confirm Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Dexamethasone suppression test

67
Q

Describe the histological features of the thyroid gland

A

Large circular follicular cells that store hormones with parafollicular (C-cells) in between that release calcitonin

68
Q

Which hormone is produced most in the thyroid gland?

A

T4 (thyroxine), ~90%

69
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

70
Q

What protein in the blood do thyroid hormones mainly bind to?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

71
Q

How do thyroid hormones enter target cells?

A

Through transport proteins

72
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Grave’s disease

A

Most cases involve autoantibody thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin which mimics TSH at the receptors and increases T3/T4 release.

73
Q

Will TSH be high or low in Grave’s disease?

A

Low because of the negative feedback loop.

74
Q
A

Module Six (2 decks)

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