Endocrine Flashcards
endocrine system jobs
cellular metabolism
growth
fluid and electrolyte balance
adaptations to physical and emotional stressors
utilization of nutrition
reproduction
immune responses
nervous system hormonal feedback in stress
limbic (emotion, memory, learning, sex)
catecholamine fight or flight
endocrine hormonal feedback in stress
corticotropin releasing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
cortisol and aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
immune hormonal feedback in stress
lymphocytes and eosinophils
allergic response
the role of ACTH and cortisol in stress
pituitary releases ACTH in response to stress -> ACTH travels to adrenals -> adrenals release cortisol -> cortisol causes insulin resistance -> hyperglycemia and increased glucose secretion -> increase in serum sodium and water retention
hormones released by pituitary
anterior: ACTH, GH, MSH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin
posterior: oxytocin, ADH
what does a high TSH represent
low T3 and T4
thyroid
hypothalamus releases TRH in response to low T3/T4 levels -> stimulates anterior pituitary -> TSH is sent from pituitary to thyroid gland -> release of T3 and T4
hyperthryoidism
low TSH
high T3, T4
hyperthyroidism symptoms
weight loss/weakness
nervous and irritability
hot
diarrhea
tremors
tachycardia/tachypnea
high blood pressure
amenorrhea
elevated calcitonin
thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm causes
infection
tumor
thyroidectomy
that releases large amounts of T3 and T4
thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm manifestations
severe agitation
tachycardia with arrythmia
HTN
hyperthermia
thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm treatment
beta blockers
cooling blankets
Ativan
Thionamides to kill bad
thyroidtoxicosis/thyroid storm labs and diagnostics
cardiac
liver
thryoid
EKG
hypothyroidism
high TSH
low T3, T4
hypothyroidism symptoms
weight gain
bradycardia/hypotension
constipation
fatigue
decreased reflexes
cold
dull mentation
hypoglycemia
what med is given for hypothyroidism
levothyroxine
parathyroid
secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone and increase serum calcium levels
PTH works with vitamin D to mobilize calcium
result of hyperparathyroidism
high calcium
low vitamin D
result of hypoparathyroidism
low calcium
low vitamin D
prolonged QT interval
adrenal glands
cortex: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid
medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine
addison disease/adrenal insufficiency
immune system attacks the adrenal cortex resulting in destruction of 90% or more of the cortex
results in a depletion of cortisol and aldosterone
addison disease/adrenal insufficiency labs
cortisol level
elevated ACTH level
elevation MSH
addison disease/adrenal insufficiency treatment
IV therpay
dextrose
fludrocortisone (mineralocorticod)
hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid)
cushings disease
caused by a pituitary adenoma which causes a hypersecretion of ACTH resulting in an excess of cortisol in the body
permanent condition
pituitary is the problem
cushings syndrome
caused by exogenous sources, meds like prednisone
will ago away once exogenous cause is stopped
cushing disease/syndrome charactersitcs
weakness/fatigue
hyperglycemia/hyponatremia
immunosuppression
abdominal stretch marks
muscle loss
fat build up behind neck
loss of hair
round swollen face (moon)
loss of menstrual cycle)
thin extremities
thin skin
bruises and petechiae
osteoporosis
pheochromocytoma
neuroendocrine tumor in the medulla of the adrenal gland ->
results in hypersecretion of catecholamines: epi and norepi
pheochromocytoma symptoms
HTN
irregular heart rate and rhythm
sweating
pheochromocytoma treatment
alpha blockers
beta blockers
surgery to remove the tumor
aging effects on the endocrine system
decrease in appetite and thirst
increases of cortisol
menopause: decrease in FSH, estrogen
decreased testosterone
increase of hyperparathyroid
decrease in growth hormone
insulin resistance
aging effects on the endocrine system nursing considerations
nutrition and hydration
blood sugar control
decrease in bone density
hormone therapy increases risk of breast cancer and prostate cancer
