Endocrine

Question 1

Anterior pituitary secretes what hormones?

Answer 1

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL

Question 2

Posterior pituitary secretes which hormones?

Answer 2

ADH, OT

Question 3

The thyroid gland secretes which hormones?

Answer 3

T3, T4, Calcitonin

Question 4

The parathyroid gland secretes which hormones?

Answer 4

PTH

Question 5

The adrenal cortex secretes which hormones?

Answer 5

Aldosterone, steroid hormones, androgens/estrogens, and glucocorticoids

Question 6

the adrenal medulla secretes which hormones?

Answer 6

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 7

The pancreas secretes which hormones?

Answer 7

Glucagon, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin

Question 8

Is cortisol released via a positive or negative feedback system? Explain

Answer 8

Negative feedback. If there are enough circulating levels of cortisol, the anterior pit. reduces the released of ACTH (trickle effect down to release of cortisol)

Question 9

Secretion of aldosterone is mostly stimulated by what precursor?

Answer 9

Angiotensin II

Question 10

Hormone issue in dwarfism

Answer 10

Deficiency of growth hormone

Question 11

Hormone issue in gigantism?

Answer 11

Excess production of GH before puberty

Question 12

Hormone issue in acromegaly?

Answer 12

Adult or post puberty excess of growth hormone (GH)

Question 13

Hormone issue in Pan Hypopituitarism?

Answer 13

Absence of 1 or more anterior pituitary hormones

Question 14

Hormone issue in Diabetes insipidus?

Answer 14

Underproduction of ADH or secretion of ADH fails

Question 15

Hormone issue in SIADH?

Answer 15

Overproduction of ADH

Question 16

Hormone issue in Graves disease?

Answer 16

Hyperthyroidism caused by something outside the thyroid gland (Exact cause unknown)

Question 17

Hormone issue in Thyroid storm?

Answer 17

Dramatic rise in thyroid hormone levels - FATAL!!

Question 18

Hormone issue in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 18

Action of TSH is blocked by antibodies in autoimmune pathways

Question 19

Hormone issue in Cretinism

Answer 19

Enlarged thyroid, increased TSH levels, inadequate T3 and T4 levels, severe iodine deficiency

Question 20

Hormone issue in myxedema coma?

Answer 20

Severe, life threatening form of hypothyroidism

Question 21

Hormone issue in cushing syndrome?

Answer 21

Excess cortisol

Question 22

Hormone issue in Conn syndrome?

Answer 22

Excess aldosterone

Question 23

Hormone issue in Addisons dx?

Answer 23

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Question 24

Hormone issue in pheochromocytome?

Answer 24

Tumor that secretes large amounts of catecholamines (epi/norepi)

Question 25

Hormone issue in T1DM

Answer 25

Decreased insulin secretion due to destruction of beta cells

Question 26

Hormone issue in T2DM

Answer 26

Insulin resistance, deficiency of pancreatic insulin secretion and/or insulin effect on target tissue

Question 27

Hormone issue in HHNK

Answer 27

Insulin deficiency
Increased counter-regulatory or stress hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and GH)
Increased gluconeogenesis
Inadequate usage of produced glucose by tissues

Question 28

Contrast the normal relationship of insulin to lipgenesis with the patho of DKA

Answer 28

Normally - Insulin stimulates lipogenesis (fat production) and inhibits lipolysis (stops fat catabolism).

With little insulin, like in DM, fat breakdown is increased and more fatty acids are delivered to liver. This leads to increased gluconeogenesis, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketone production, which leads to a drop in pH, which leads to metabolic acidosis and transient hyperK