Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin:

  • Action
  • Processes
  • Enzymes
  • Overall
A

Action: helps blood sugar (glucose) enter the cell to be used or stored as glycogen in the liver

Processes: increases glycogenesis and glycolysis and increases lipogenesis

Enzymes: Upregulate glucokinase, down-regulate hormone-sensitive lipase

Overall is ANABOLIC, promotes storage of macronutrients, and decreases blood glucose

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2
Q

Glucagon

  • Action:
  • Processes:
  • Enzymes:
  • Overall:
A

Action: helps mobilize stored energy for the body to use which means breaking down stored sugars from glycogen and mobilizing stored fatty acids from triglycerides

Processes: increases glycogenolysis, increases gluconeogenesis and increases lipolysis

Enzymes: activates hormone-sensitive li[ase and decreases acetyl- CoA carboxylate activity

Overall: CATABOLIC, promotes lysis of storage forms of macronutrients and increases blood glucose

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3
Q

Insulin =

Glucagon =

A

Insulin = Fed–> gotta store what I just ate

Glucagon= fasting –> gotta break down some stored energy

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4
Q

Peptide soluble

A

water-soluble = cell membrane receptor

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5
Q

Steroid soluble

A

Lipid soluble = diffuses through cell membrane to work in cytoplasm or nucleus

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6
Q

The anterior pituitary functions

A

produces and releases hormones under the control of the hypothalamus

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7
Q

The Posterior pituitary functions

A

is directly connected to the hypothalamus and stores and release hormones that synthesizes in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary: list of hormones

A

A FLAT PIG

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PRL
E(i)ndorphins
GH

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9
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH

A
  • Females:
    promotes growth and development of ovarian follicles.
    secretion of estrogen
  • Males: stimulate the production of sperm in testes
  • Produces in APG (anterior Pituitary gland)
  • Controlled by Gonatropin- Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus

Its release is inhibited by negative feedback from elevated levels of sen hormones

  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous Soluble
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10
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • Females: triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum.
  • Males: stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes
  • Other names: Lutropin
  • Produced by APG ( anterior pituitary gland)
  • Controlled by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus.
  • Inhibited by negative feedback.
  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
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11
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • promote cortisol, stress hormone
  • cortisol made in adrenal glands, on top of kidney
  • synthesized and released by anterior pituitary gland
  • released by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus in response to stress or low cortisol level
  • Inhibited by negative feedback from negative cortisol levels
  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
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12
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone
  • produced in Anteriod Putuitary gland
  • activates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Its release is stimulated by Thyrotropin- Releasing Hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus

It is inhibited by negative feedback from elevated levels of T3 and T4

  • Peptide Hormone. Aqueous soluble
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13
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

-secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

-promotes milk production in females

  • release is stimulated by Prolactin - Releasing Hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus and suppressed by dopamine
  • the sucking reflex during breastfeeding which promotes PRL release

-Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble

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14
Q

E(i)ndorphins

A
  • Alternative name: Endogenous opioid
  • act as natural painkillers
  • associated with feelings of pleasure and euphoria

-Synthesized and released in specialized cells within the pituitary gland

  • Released in response to various stimuli, particularly stress or pain
  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
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15
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • Alternative Name: Somatotropin or human growth hormone (hGH)
  • Produced in the anterior pituitary gland
  • Stimulates growth, cell division and regeneration.
  • Release is stimulated by Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by Somatostin, both from hypothalamus
  • feedback is exerted by Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) produced in response to GH
  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
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16
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • alternative name: Vasopressin
  • Produced in the hypothalamus and stored/ released by the posterior pituitary gland
  • Release water balance.

-Release is triggered by high blood osmolarity or low blood pressure, prompting the conversion of water by activating aquaporins and reducing urine production and constructing blood vessels

  • Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
17
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored/ released by posterior pituitary gland
  • crucial for uterine contractions during and milk ejection during breastfeeding

-Positive feedback loop during labor

  • Contractions stimulate oxytocin release, enhancing further contractions

-Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble

18
Q

Mnemonics for prolactin and oxytocin

A

PROlactin PROduces milk in the breast, OXYTocin EXITs milk from the breast

19
Q
A