Endocrine Flashcards
Insulin:
- Action
- Processes
- Enzymes
- Overall
Action: helps blood sugar (glucose) enter the cell to be used or stored as glycogen in the liver
Processes: increases glycogenesis and glycolysis and increases lipogenesis
Enzymes: Upregulate glucokinase, down-regulate hormone-sensitive lipase
Overall is ANABOLIC, promotes storage of macronutrients, and decreases blood glucose
Glucagon
- Action:
- Processes:
- Enzymes:
- Overall:
Action: helps mobilize stored energy for the body to use which means breaking down stored sugars from glycogen and mobilizing stored fatty acids from triglycerides
Processes: increases glycogenolysis, increases gluconeogenesis and increases lipolysis
Enzymes: activates hormone-sensitive li[ase and decreases acetyl- CoA carboxylate activity
Overall: CATABOLIC, promotes lysis of storage forms of macronutrients and increases blood glucose
Insulin =
Glucagon =
Insulin = Fed–> gotta store what I just ate
Glucagon= fasting –> gotta break down some stored energy
Peptide soluble
water-soluble = cell membrane receptor
Steroid soluble
Lipid soluble = diffuses through cell membrane to work in cytoplasm or nucleus
The anterior pituitary functions
produces and releases hormones under the control of the hypothalamus
The Posterior pituitary functions
is directly connected to the hypothalamus and stores and release hormones that synthesizes in the hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary: list of hormones
A FLAT PIG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PRL
E(i)ndorphins
GH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH
- Females:
promotes growth and development of ovarian follicles.
secretion of estrogen - Males: stimulate the production of sperm in testes
- Produces in APG (anterior Pituitary gland)
- Controlled by Gonatropin- Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
Its release is inhibited by negative feedback from elevated levels of sen hormones
- Peptide hormone. Aqueous Soluble
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Females: triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum.
- Males: stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes
- Other names: Lutropin
- Produced by APG ( anterior pituitary gland)
- Controlled by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus.
- Inhibited by negative feedback.
- Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- promote cortisol, stress hormone
- cortisol made in adrenal glands, on top of kidney
- synthesized and released by anterior pituitary gland
- released by Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus in response to stress or low cortisol level
- Inhibited by negative feedback from negative cortisol levels
- Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone
- produced in Anteriod Putuitary gland
- activates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Its release is stimulated by Thyrotropin- Releasing Hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus
It is inhibited by negative feedback from elevated levels of T3 and T4
- Peptide Hormone. Aqueous soluble
Prolactin (PRL)
-secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
-promotes milk production in females
- release is stimulated by Prolactin - Releasing Hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus and suppressed by dopamine
- the sucking reflex during breastfeeding which promotes PRL release
-Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
E(i)ndorphins
- Alternative name: Endogenous opioid
- act as natural painkillers
- associated with feelings of pleasure and euphoria
-Synthesized and released in specialized cells within the pituitary gland
- Released in response to various stimuli, particularly stress or pain
- Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
Growth Hormone (GH)
- Alternative Name: Somatotropin or human growth hormone (hGH)
- Produced in the anterior pituitary gland
- Stimulates growth, cell division and regeneration.
- Release is stimulated by Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by Somatostin, both from hypothalamus
- feedback is exerted by Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) produced in response to GH
- Peptide hormone. Aqueous soluble
