Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine hormones
A
- Hormones produced in the glands and released into the blood stream (circulatory system)
- Chemical regulators produced in one part of the body and affect organs in another
- ALL hormones affect ALL cells
- May speed up/slow down body process
2
Q
Exocrine glands
A
- Use ducts/tubes to secret substances
- Eg. digestive, mucous, and sweat glands
- Pancreas is considered both an endocrine and exocrine gland
3
Q
Negative feedback
A
- Hormone production must be regulated
- Once the desired effect is produced, hormone production must decrease
- Often, the accumulation of the end product will limit the selection of the hormone from the gland
4
Q
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
A
- The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland through nerve and hormone stimulation
- The pituitary gland then releases chemicals to affect the other endocrine glands
- Both located in head area
- Both endocrine
5
Q
Nervous and Endocrine system
A
- nervous and endocrine system work cooperatively to maintain homeostasis in the short term (nervous) and long term (endocrine)
6
Q
Activation sites
A
- Areas which are affected by hormones
7
Q
Non-target hormones
A
- Affect many cells throughout the body
Ex. insulin, adrenaline
8
Q
Target hormones
A
- Affect specific cells
Ex. gastrin affects stomach only
9
Q
Protein hormones
A
- Composed of amino acids; chains of different lengths
- Combine with receptors on the surface of the cell membrane
ex. insulin, growth hormones, epinephrine
10
Q
Steroid hormones
A
- Made from cholesterol
- Soluble in fat
- Not soluble in water
- diffuse into the cell to attach to a receptor found in the ecosystem
ex. sex hormones, cortisol
11
Q
Trophic Hormones
A
- Hormones that activate other glands
ex. TSH, FSH, LH
12
Q
Non-trophic hormones
A
- stimulate tissues, not glands
ex. GH, PRL
13
Q
Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TSH)
A
From: hypothalamus
To: pituitary
Do: stimulate TSH release
14
Q
Cortical Releasing Hormone (CRH)
A
From: hypothalamus
To: pituitary
Do: stimulate ACTH release
15
Q
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
A
From: hypothalamus
To: pituitary
Do: stimulate LH and FSH secretion
16
Q
Pituitary Gland
A
- Master gland of the body
- Controls other endocrine glands
- Connected to hypothalamus by nerves
17
Q
Posterior (Back) Lobe
A
- stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus (ADH, oxytocin)
18
Q
Anterior (Front) Lobe
A
- stores and releases hormones produced by itself
19
Q
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A
From: pituitary
To: kidney
Do: decrease urine production, increase H20 back to blood
20
Q
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A
From: pituitary
To: ovaries/testes
Do: stimulates follicle development in women, sperm production in men
21
Q
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A
From: pituitary
To: ovaries/testes
Do: ovulation in females, testosterone secretion in males
22
Q
Prolactin (PRL)
A
From: pituitary
To: mammary gland
Do: stimulate milk production
23
Q
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
A
From: pituitary
To: bone + tissue cells
Do: fat metabolism and growth
24
Q
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
A
From: pituitary
To: thyroid
Do: stimulate thyroid to release hormones like thyroxin
25
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
From: pituitary
To: adrenal cortex
Do: stimulates adrenal cortex like cortisol
26
Oxytocin
From: pituitary
To: uterus
Do: stimulate uterine contractions
27
Adrenal Glands
Composed of:
- cortex: regulated by hormones
- medulla: regulated by nervous system
- produce hormones that help regulate metabolism
- control salt level
- regulate fat & protein metabolism
- produce some sex hormones
28
Cortisol
From: adrenal gland
To: liver
Do: increases amino acid in blood which are converted to glucose by the liver
Cause: released by ACTH in response to stress
29
Aldosterone
From: adrenal gland --> cortex
To: kidney
Do: promotes sodium ions and water absorption
Cause: low BP, released by ACTH
30
Epinephrine (adrenalin)
From: adrenal gland ---> medulla
To: liver, muscles, blood vessels
Do: prepares body for "fight or flight" by raising blood sugar increasing breathing rate and heart rate, dilate blood vessels and iris of eye
31
Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
From: Adrenal gland ---> medulla
To: neurotransmitter
Do: prepares body for "flight of flight", is a neurotransmitter (chemical to communicate between nerves)
32
Insulin
From: pancreas (beta cells)
To: liver
Do: decreases blood sugar levels, glucose ---> glycogen, increases glucose uptake
33
Glucagon
From: pancreas (alpha cells)
To: liver
Do: glycogen ---> glucose, increase blood sugar
34
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
From: thyroid gland
To: kidney, intestines, bones
Do: increase blood calcium, decrease phosphate, bone to blood
35
Calcitonin
From: thyroid gland
To: bone cells
Do: decrease calcium, decrease phosphorus, blood to bone
36
Thyroxin
From: thyroid gland
To: livers, kidney
Do: regulates metabolism, growth
Cause: needs iodine from food
37
Estrogen
From: FSH, follicle growth
To: ovaries, uterus
Do: secondary sex characteristics, prepare for pregnancy
Cause: increase in FSH
38
Progesterone
From: ovaries, corpus luteum
To: ovaries, uterus
Do: prepare uterine lining for pregnancy, if there is no pregnancy, secretion slows
Cause: pregnancy
39
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
From: placenta
To: LH
Do: maintain progesterone production
Cause: fertilization, pregnancy
40
Testosterone
From: LH, interstitial cells
To: liver, prostate, testes
Do: secondary sex characteristics, sperm production
Cause: increase in LH, increase in GnRH
41
Types of Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes
42
Type 1 Diabetes
- deficit in beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in juveniles, resulting in insufficient secretion of insulin
43
Type 2 Diabetes
- decreased insulin production or ineffective use of the insulin the body produces
44
Gestational Diabetes
- Can occur in pregnancy
- Cells are resistant to insulin
- Treatment: diet and insulin injections
45
Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Type 1 Only: insulin injections, transplanted islet cells, could reverse effects of diabetes
Type 1 and 2: diet and exercise
46
Goiter (Thyroid)
- Iodine released by thyroid gland to produce thyroxin
- low iodine in diet ---> low thyroxin/metabolic rate
- pituitary continues to secrete TSH which keeps stimulating thyroid gland ---> enlarged thyroid gland
47
Graves Disease (Thyroid, hyperthyroidism)
- high thyroxin levels in blood, increase metabolic rate ---> weight loss, high BP, high HR, high BR and big eyes
48
Myxedema (thyroid, hypothyroidism)
- low thyroxin levels in blood, low metabolic rate ---> weight gain, low BP, low HR, low BR
49
Cretinism (thyroid, hypothyroidism)
- present from birth
- children are dwarfs ---> reduced mental, skeletal & sexual development
50
Diabetes Insipidus (pituitary)
- insufficient ADH production
- large volume of urine produced daily
51
Growth Hormone Disease (giantism, pituitary)
- giantism ---> excess production of hGH in children
- increased length on large bone, overgrowth of organs (ex. heart, spleen)
52
Growth Hormone Disease (dwarfism, pituitary)
- insufficient production of hGH
53
Growth Hormone Disease (acromegaly, pituitary)
- excess production of hGH after puberty
- thick bones (especially nose and jaw), increased size of hands and feet
