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endocrine system > endocrine\ > Flashcards

endocrine\ Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrins system has no ducts

A

true

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2
Q

how do glands spread their products

A

they secrete them into blood and then into lymph and intracellular liquid.

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3
Q

what are common morphofunctional properites?

A

1.they are small
2. the consist of stroma and parenchyma, stroma consists of septa and capsule
3. their products are steroids and hormones
4. they innervated by autonmic nervous system,

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4
Q

Endocrinocytes discharging their secretion into ..

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

what are sinosuids

A

they are slightly larger than capllaries and found in adrenal glands, liver, spleen and bone marrow

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6
Q

Blood flows —– in wide sinusoids, which provides more intimated contact between endocrinocyte and blood.

A

slower

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7
Q

what are the four classification ?

A
  • branchiogenic: glands rises from branchial pouches of embryo.(thyroid parathyroid thymus).
  • neurogenic: gland rises from ectoderm(epiphysis, neurohypothysis)
    enterogenic group: glands devlop from primary gut(adenohypophysis, islets of Langerhans in pancreas))
    mesodermal group: glands develop from mesoderm(sex glands).
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8
Q

Hypothalamus function?

A

master endocrine gland, regulated pituitary gland.

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9
Q

HT- AP-THYROID AXIS
HT-AP-ADRENAL AXIS
HT-AP-GONADAL AXIS

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what’s the pathway of hyptohalamus

A

hypothalamus sends releasing hormone to AP, anterior pituitary gland secretes stimulating hormone to circulation, SH binds to its target organ or binds to another gland which causes the release of another hormone (tropic).

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11
Q

anterior pituitary gland description

A

front lobe, releases stimulating hormones into circulation, communicatea with HT by blood vessels.
(hypophyseal portal system).

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12
Q

types of hormones pituitary gland produces

A

Human growth hormone (HGH or GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ATCH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
prolactin.

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13
Q

posterior pituitary gland function and location

A

back lobe, receives and stores 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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14
Q

ppg stored hormones

A

1.oxytocin: stimulates contraction of uterus in childbirth and mamillary gland cell.
2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin): promotes retention of water in the kidneys when body is dehyrated–> high conc of urine

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15
Q

GnHRH gonadotropin releasing hormone?

A

responisble for the release of fsh and lh from the anterior pituitary

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16
Q

hypothalamus secretes GnRH–>APG–> LH AND FSH–> OVARY/TESTIS

A

TRUE

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17
Q

LH: luetinizing hormone function

A

LH stimulates testosterone release by the Leydig cells of the testes. In females, LH stimulates steroid release from the ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum

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18
Q

FSH - follicle stimulating hormones

A

stimulates production of sperm and eggs

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19
Q

ovaries function

A

site of oogensis - process of formation of female gametes.

20
Q

2 types of ovarian hormones

A

1.estrogen: promotes uterine lining growth and female secondary characteristics
2.progesterone:prepare the endometrium (lining of uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.

21
Q

testes function

A

site of spermatogenesis- site of sperm cell developement and produces hormones

22
Q

testes hormones:

A

androgens: testosterone
supprot sperm formation and secondary characteristics.

23
Q

thyroid gland location and function

A

It is situated in front of the and on the lateral waltracheals of the larynx.
It consists of left and right lobes connected by isthmus.
A thin process – pyramidal lobe extends upward from the isthmus.
It has fibrous capsula
regulated by the hypothalamus (TRH) and pituitary (TSH).

24
Q

TRH AND TSH function

A

TRH
* Stimulate TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland.
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
* Stimulates the release of thyroid hormone (TH).

25
Q

what are two types of thyroid hormones and what’s their function

A

T3 triiodothyronine - basal metabolic rate.
‣ T4 thyroxine - basal metabolic rate.
regulate basal metabolic rate - maintains the sum of anabolic and catabolic processes, normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.

26
Q

hyperthyroidism?

A

High thyroid hormone production- overactive metabolism.
* Can be due to Graves’ disease
◦is a common cause. Thyroid hormones affect many body systems.

27
Q

symptoms of hypertheroidism

A

◦Weight loss, moist hair, and skin and heat intolerance.
* Complications
◦Tachycardia - heart rate over 100 beats a minute.

28
Q

hypotheroidism

A

Low thyroid hormone production - low metabolic rate.
* Can be due to Hashimoto’s disease
◦is an autoimmune disorder. The immune system creates antibodies that attack thyroid cells as if they were bacteria, viruses or some other foreign body.

29
Q

symptoms and complications of hypotheroidism

A

Symptoms
◦Weight gain, Dry hair, and skin, and cold intolerance.
* Complications
◦Bradycardia - heart rate lower than 60 beats a minute.

30
Q

◦* Corticotrophin - releasing hormone/factor (CRH/CRF)
function

A

◦Stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary

31
Q

ACTH function

A

a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release a hormone called
cortisol.

32
Q

cortisol function

A

◦A hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland).
◦It helps the body use glucose (a sugar), protein, and fats.
◦It is used to treat many conditions, including inflammation, allergies, and some cancers.

33
Q

what’s Prolactin inhibitor factor (PIF)

A

◦controls the secretion of prolactin from the hypothalamus

34
Q

prolactin?

A

Prolactin promotes the growth of mammary alveoli, which are the components of the mammary gland, where the
actual production of milk occurs.
* The increase of prolactin reduce the production of gonadotropins (GnHR).

35
Q

dopamine?

A

◦One of the main regulators of the production of prolactin from the pituitary gland is the hormone called
dopamine, which is produced by the hypothalamus, the part of the brain directly above the pituitary gland.
Dopamine restrains prolactin production, so the more dopamine there is, the less prolactin is released.

36
Q

what’s GHRH

A

growth hormone

37
Q

GHRH function

A

◦Stimulates bone growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary glands.

38
Q

‣ Decreased GH in children = .
‣ Increased GH in children = .
‣ Increased GH in adults = acromegaly (enlargement of .

A

dwarfism
giganism
acromegaly

39
Q

◦IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor)?

A

‣ is a hormone that manages the effects of growth hormone (GH) in your body.

40
Q

parathyroid gland?

A

◦4 small glands located in the backside of the thyroid.

41
Q

PTH function (parathyroid hormone)

A

‣ Responsible increasing levels of calcium (Ca+2) in the blood (antagonist hormone of calcitonin).
* Increase absorption of Ca+2 from GIT into the blood stream.
* Resorption of bone in order to release Ca+2 into the blood.
* Reabsorption of Ca+2 from the kidneys.
‣ The release of PTH is stimulated by hypercalcemia - low level of Ca+2 in blood.
‣ Ca+2 is vital for muscle contraction and nervous transmission, therefore levels have to be regulated constantly.

42
Q

pancreas location function

A

Glandular exocrine and endocrine organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach, releases hormones from the area called islets of langerhans.

43
Q

what does the pancreas release

A

Insulin
* Released by beta cells, decreased blood glucose levels by causing the liver to absorbs glycogen(form of glucose) from the blood.
◦Insulin maintain homeostasis by decreasing the glucose levels in the blood after food.
‣ Glucagon
* Released by alpha cells, increased blood glucose levels by causing the liver to release glucose.
◦During starvation, Glucose maintain homeostasis by increasing the glucose levels in the blood.

44
Q

diabetes 1/2

A

‣ Diabetes mellitus type 1
* Autoimmune disease In which the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin, causing hyperglycemia.
‣ Diabetes mellitus type 2
* Disease in which insulin receptors are resistant to insulin, causing hyperglycemia.

45
Q

pineal gland? - location and function

A

◦Located deep within the brain.
◦Pineal hormone
‣ Helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle (circadian cycle)
of the body.

endocrine system (1 decks)

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