Endocrine Flashcards
Endocrine secretes to…
Distant Sites
Paracrine secretes to…
Adjacent sites
Autocrine secretes to…
At origin
Intracrine secretes to…
Within origin
The pancreas controls what hormones?
Insulin, glucagon, & amylin
The pituitary gland controls what hormones?
GH, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Oxytocin, ADH (vasopressin), Prolactin, LH, & FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
The hypothalamus controls what hormones?
GnRH (gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone), Dopamine, CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone), GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), & Somatostatin
The thyroid controls what hormones?
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, & calcitonin
The adrenal gland controls what hormones?
Epi, Norepi, aldosterone, cortisol, & sex steroids
The parathyroid controls what hormone?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What do endocrine hormones do when they initially bind to membrane receptors?
- Initiate signal transduction
- Activate cellular 2nd messengers
- Regulate gene expression
Name 3 ways in which endocrine hormones can be dysfunctional
- Excess
- Deficiency
- Resistance
What is the main determinant of homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What happens when hormones are released to a receptor?
They travel to pituitary gland and bind G-protein, which then activates adenyl cyclase, which then increases cAMP, then releases secretory hormones
The anterior of the pituitary releases what hormones?
Growth Hormone (bulk)
Adrenocorticotropic
Thyroid-Stimulating
Prolactin
LH &FSH
Beta-lipotropin
The posterior side of the pituitary gland releases what?
Vasopressin & Oxytocin
Which hormone is the most abundant?
GH
GH especially stimulates
Skeletal growth, but stimulates all tissues
How does GH enhance metabolic effects?
- Protein synthesis
- Lypolysis & mobilization of free fatty acids
- Na & H2O retention
- Antagonism of insulin & increased glucose availability
How is GH stimulated?
Stress, sleep, hypoglycemia, & fasting
How is GH inhibited?
Pregnancy, hyperglycemia, cortisol, & obesity
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) regulates…
Secretion of cortisol & androgens
When is ACTH the highest & at its lowest?
AM
PM
What stimulates ACTH?
Stress
Sleep-wake transition
Hypoglycemia
Alpha agonist
Beta antagonist
CRH & decreased cortisol