Endocrine Flashcards
(156 cards)
Endocrine secretes to…
Distant Sites
Paracrine secretes to…
Adjacent sites
Autocrine secretes to…
At origin
Intracrine secretes to…
Within origin
The pancreas controls what hormones?
Insulin, glucagon, & amylin
The pituitary gland controls what hormones?
GH, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Oxytocin, ADH (vasopressin), Prolactin, LH, & FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
The hypothalamus controls what hormones?
GnRH (gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone), Dopamine, CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone), GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), & Somatostatin
The thyroid controls what hormones?
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, & calcitonin
The adrenal gland controls what hormones?
Epi, Norepi, aldosterone, cortisol, & sex steroids
The parathyroid controls what hormone?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What do endocrine hormones do when they initially bind to membrane receptors?
- Initiate signal transduction
- Activate cellular 2nd messengers
- Regulate gene expression
Name 3 ways in which endocrine hormones can be dysfunctional
- Excess
- Deficiency
- Resistance
What is the main determinant of homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What happens when hormones are released to a receptor?
They travel to pituitary gland and bind G-protein, which then activates adenyl cyclase, which then increases cAMP, then releases secretory hormones
The anterior of the pituitary releases what hormones?
Growth Hormone (bulk)
Adrenocorticotropic
Thyroid-Stimulating
Prolactin
LH &FSH
Beta-lipotropin
The posterior side of the pituitary gland releases what?
Vasopressin & Oxytocin
Which hormone is the most abundant?
GH
GH especially stimulates
Skeletal growth, but stimulates all tissues
How does GH enhance metabolic effects?
- Protein synthesis
- Lypolysis & mobilization of free fatty acids
- Na & H2O retention
- Antagonism of insulin & increased glucose availability
How is GH stimulated?
Stress, sleep, hypoglycemia, & fasting
How is GH inhibited?
Pregnancy, hyperglycemia, cortisol, & obesity
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) regulates…
Secretion of cortisol & androgens
When is ACTH the highest & at its lowest?
AM
PM
What stimulates ACTH?
Stress
Sleep-wake transition
Hypoglycemia
Alpha agonist
Beta antagonist
CRH & decreased cortisol