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Physiology 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Do protein or steroid based hormones last longer in blood?

A

Steroid

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2
Q

Posterior pituitary secrets

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

Anterior pituitary secrets

A

Thyroid simulating hormone
Growth hormone

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4
Q

What regulates the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

ANT= hypothalamus. Internal and external stimuli. HP axis feedback loop
POST= Neuroendocrine reflex. physical stimuli causes nervous signal to release hormones

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5
Q

T or F
Liver can clear hormones from body by excreting to bile

A

True

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6
Q

Where are receptors found and what type of hormones binds to each

A

Plasma membrane- Protein based
Cytoplasm- steroid based
Nucleus- Amine

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7
Q

Majority of hormones in the body are of what classification

A

Protein based

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8
Q

T or F
Protein and steroid hormones lead to increased cAMP production

A

F
Because only protein based hormones need to go through second messenger system. Steroid based hormones to straight to cytoplasm/nucleus for gene transcription.

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9
Q

Do steroid or protein based hormones need to be bound to proteins to travel through blood?

A

Steroid

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10
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what and what are the types of amine hormones we have in our body

A

Amino acids (tryptophan and/or tyrosine
Thyroid hormone and catecholamines

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11
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system is associated with what structures. And what is its role.

A

Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Control secretion of ANT pituitary hormones and portal blood vessels provide blood supply

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12
Q

What are the two protein based hormone-receptor complexes.
And what is the main difference between them

A

Protein Kinase Pathway
Phospholipids Pathway
Different enzymes (but both activate G Protein)

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13
Q

General pathway of Protein kinase second messenger pathway

A

Hormone binds to receptor.
Activates G protein which turns on Adenylyl Cyclades.
Which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Protein kinase is an enzyme that uses cAMP to phosphorylate (takes a phosphate from ATP and puts it on protein) proteins to activate (or inactivate)

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14
Q

T or F
Hypothalamus secrets hormones to anterior and posterior pituitary

A

F
Post is neural signaling

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15
Q

What enzyme converts ATP to cAMP

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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16
Q

What is the concept of signal amplification

A

Binding of one hormone leads to creation of thousands of cAMP molecules

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17
Q

The hypothalamohypophysial tract is associated with what structures

A

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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18
Q

Role of somatotropin

A

Growth hormone, just another name for it

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19
Q

Role of somatostatin
And where is it secreted

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Pancreases (blocks secretion of insulin and glucagon)
GI (inhibits function)
Hypothalamus

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20
Q

What cells secret somatostatin in the pancreas

A

Delta cells

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21
Q

Is growth hormone secreted in a constant or intermittent pulsatile fashion

A

Intermittent pulsatile

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22
Q

Function of G protein

A

Activate Adenylyl cyclase

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23
Q

IGF-1 is produced from what organ and in response to what

A

Liver
growth hormone

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24
Q

Where is coricotripin-releasing hormone secreted from

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Short term effects of GH
Simulation of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis (fat breakdown ad formation of new glucose) Inhibition of glucose uptake by muscles Insulin resistance
26
Long term effects of GH
Increase cellular and tissue growth, cellular metabolism, increases cell differentiation/division and prevents cell death
27
Principle mediator of growth promoting actions of GH
IGF-1
28
What two hormones mediate longitudinal bone growth
GH and IGF-1
29
What is the impact of IGF-1 on bone and muscular tissue
Bone- stimulates osteoblast and chondrocyte activity Muscular tissue- increases amino acid uptake and hypertrophy, increased amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
30
What cells secret adrenal medulla hormones
Chromaffin cells
31
what is the inactive form of thyroid hormone
T4
32
T or F The majority of thyroid hormones circulates freely throughout the blood stream
F
33
Where do third hormones bind to receptors of target cells? Plasma membrane Cytoplasm/nucleus
Cytoplasm/nucleus
34
What are the main ingredients for thyroid hormone production
Tyrosine Iodine Thyroid peroxidase
35
Synthesis step(s of thyroid hormone
Thyroglobulin (TG) produce by follicular cells and secreted into lumen Iodide into cell via Na/I pump Oxidation of Iodide to Iodine via thyroid peroxidase Iodine combined to TG to form MIT and DIT
36
What combinations of MIT and DIT make up T3 and T4
T3= DIT + MIT T4= 2DIT
37
If Iodine levels are low what would you expect for TSH levels
High
38
T or F The adrenal medulla is regulated by the hypothalamus-Anterior pituitary axis
F
39
Adrenal glands are peritoneal or retroperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
40
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis
41
What do chromaffin cells secrete
Catacholamines into blood stream
42
Hyperthyroidism is associated with cold or heat intolerance?
Heat intolerence
43
T or F Renal disease could result in loss of bone mass
T
44
What simulates chromaffin cells to secrete epinephrine
sympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibers
45
Role of parathyroid hormone
increase blood calcium levels
46
Role of calcitonin
decrease blood clacium levels
47
Are anti insulin actions of GH short term/direct or long term/indirect effects?
Short/direct
48
Direct effects of GH
Stimulation of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake by muscles(hyperglycermia) and insulin resistance for muscle, fat and liver
49
Indirect effects of GH
promotes cellular and tissue growth, metabolism, increases cell differentiation/divition and prevents cell death
50
IGF-1 is produced by what and in response to what
produced by liver in response to GH
51
IGF-1 is produced by what and in response to what
produced by liver in response to GH mediation
52
T or F IGF-1 travels in the blood stream bound to transport proteins
T
53
physiological effects of IGF-1
Growth promotion on almost every cell Stimulates osteoblast and chondrocyte activity increase amino acid uptake leading to hypertrophy and new muscle growth
54
GH role in glucose levels
decrease uptake to mm and adipose to increase blood levels
55
Aldosterones role on sodium and potassium
Reabsorption of sodium in kidneys excretion of potassium in kidneys
56
Stimuli for GH
Sleep, exercise, stress, high protein meals, hyPOglycemia, fasting, puberty
57
Does cortisol in small amounts inhibit or excite inflammatory responses
Inhibit
58
What regulates secretion of cortisol
HP axis
59
Does cortisol lead to osteoblast or osteoclast activity
osteoclast
60
Are chromaffin cells found in the cortex or medulla of the adrenal gland
medulla
61
Another name for GH
somatotrophin
62
Somatostatin is...
another name for GHIH
63
Does insulin increase or decrease protein and glycogen synthesis
Increase
64
T or F Cortisol suppresses immune function in high and low doses
F Low doses stimulate immune function high doses suppress
65
Does cortisol break down or increase uptake of amino acids within cells
Break down
66
Does insulin inhibit or excite the sodium potassium ATPase pump
excite
67
Does parathyroid hormone simulate or inhibit osteoclast activity
Stimulate
68
What gives bones their hardness
Hydroxyapatite

Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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