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Physiology 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Do protein or steroid based hormones last longer in blood?

A

Steroid

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2
Q

Posterior pituitary secrets

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

Anterior pituitary secrets

A

Thyroid simulating hormone
Growth hormone

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4
Q

What regulates the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

ANT= hypothalamus. Internal and external stimuli. HP axis feedback loop
POST= Neuroendocrine reflex. physical stimuli causes nervous signal to release hormones

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5
Q

T or F
Liver can clear hormones from body by excreting to bile

A

True

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6
Q

Where are receptors found and what type of hormones binds to each

A

Plasma membrane- Protein based
Cytoplasm- steroid based
Nucleus- Amine

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7
Q

Majority of hormones in the body are of what classification

A

Protein based

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8
Q

T or F
Protein and steroid hormones lead to increased cAMP production

A

F
Because only protein based hormones need to go through second messenger system. Steroid based hormones to straight to cytoplasm/nucleus for gene transcription.

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9
Q

Do steroid or protein based hormones need to be bound to proteins to travel through blood?

A

Steroid

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10
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what and what are the types of amine hormones we have in our body

A

Amino acids (tryptophan and/or tyrosine
Thyroid hormone and catecholamines

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11
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system is associated with what structures. And what is its role.

A

Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Control secretion of ANT pituitary hormones and portal blood vessels provide blood supply

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12
Q

What are the two protein based hormone-receptor complexes.
And what is the main difference between them

A

Protein Kinase Pathway
Phospholipids Pathway
Different enzymes (but both activate G Protein)

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13
Q

General pathway of Protein kinase second messenger pathway

A

Hormone binds to receptor.
Activates G protein which turns on Adenylyl Cyclades.
Which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Protein kinase is an enzyme that uses cAMP to phosphorylate (takes a phosphate from ATP and puts it on protein) proteins to activate (or inactivate)

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14
Q

T or F
Hypothalamus secrets hormones to anterior and posterior pituitary

A

F
Post is neural signaling

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15
Q

What enzyme converts ATP to cAMP

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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16
Q

What is the concept of signal amplification

A

Binding of one hormone leads to creation of thousands of cAMP molecules

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17
Q

The hypothalamohypophysial tract is associated with what structures

A

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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18
Q

Role of somatotropin

A

Growth hormone, just another name for it

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19
Q

Role of somatostatin
And where is it secreted

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Pancreases (blocks secretion of insulin and glucagon)
GI (inhibits function)
Hypothalamus

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20
Q

What cells secret somatostatin in the pancreas

A

Delta cells

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21
Q

Is growth hormone secreted in a constant or intermittent pulsatile fashion

A

Intermittent pulsatile

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22
Q

Function of G protein

A

Activate Adenylyl cyclase

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23
Q

IGF-1 is produced from what organ and in response to what

A

Liver
growth hormone

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24
Q

Where is coricotripin-releasing hormone secreted from

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Short term effects of GH

A

Simulation of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis (fat breakdown ad formation of new glucose)
Inhibition of glucose uptake by muscles
Insulin resistance

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26
Q

Long term effects of GH

A

Increase cellular and tissue growth, cellular metabolism, increases cell differentiation/division and prevents cell death

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27
Q

Principle mediator of growth promoting actions of GH

A

IGF-1

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28
Q

What two hormones mediate longitudinal bone growth

A

GH and IGF-1

29
Q

What is the impact of IGF-1 on bone and muscular tissue

A

Bone- stimulates osteoblast and chondrocyte activity
Muscular tissue- increases amino acid uptake and hypertrophy, increased amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

30
Q

What cells secret adrenal medulla hormones

A

Chromaffin cells

31
Q

what is the inactive form of thyroid hormone

A

T4

32
Q

T or F
The majority of thyroid hormones circulates freely throughout the blood stream

A

F

33
Q

Where do third hormones bind to receptors of target cells?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm/nucleus

A

Cytoplasm/nucleus

34
Q

What are the main ingredients for thyroid hormone production

A

Tyrosine
Iodine
Thyroid peroxidase

35
Q

Synthesis step(s of thyroid hormone

A

Thyroglobulin (TG) produce by follicular cells and secreted into lumen
Iodide into cell via Na/I pump
Oxidation of Iodide to Iodine via thyroid peroxidase
Iodine combined to TG to form MIT and DIT

36
Q

What combinations of MIT and DIT make up T3 and T4

A

T3= DIT + MIT
T4= 2DIT

37
Q

If Iodine levels are low what would you expect for TSH levels

A

High

38
Q

T or F
The adrenal medulla is regulated by the hypothalamus-Anterior pituitary axis

A

F

39
Q

Adrenal glands are peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

40
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

41
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete

A

Catacholamines into blood stream

42
Q

Hyperthyroidism is associated with cold or heat intolerance?

A

Heat intolerence

43
Q

T or F
Renal disease could result in loss of bone mass

A

T

44
Q

What simulates chromaffin cells to secrete epinephrine

A

sympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibers

45
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone

A

increase blood calcium levels

46
Q

Role of calcitonin

A

decrease blood clacium levels

47
Q

Are anti insulin actions of GH short term/direct or long term/indirect effects?

A

Short/direct

48
Q

Direct effects of GH

A

Stimulation of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of glucose uptake by muscles(hyperglycermia) and insulin resistance for muscle, fat and liver

49
Q

Indirect effects of GH

A

promotes cellular and tissue growth, metabolism, increases cell differentiation/divition and prevents cell death

50
Q

IGF-1 is produced by what and in response to what

A

produced by liver in response to GH

51
Q

IGF-1 is produced by what and in response to what

A

produced by liver in response to GH mediation

52
Q

T or F
IGF-1 travels in the blood stream bound to transport proteins

A

T

53
Q

physiological effects of IGF-1

A

Growth promotion on almost every cell
Stimulates osteoblast and chondrocyte activity
increase amino acid uptake leading to hypertrophy and new muscle growth

54
Q

GH role in glucose levels

A

decrease uptake to mm and adipose to increase blood levels

55
Q

Aldosterones role on sodium and potassium

A

Reabsorption of sodium in kidneys
excretion of potassium in kidneys

56
Q

Stimuli for GH

A

Sleep, exercise, stress, high protein meals, hyPOglycemia, fasting, puberty

57
Q

Does cortisol in small amounts inhibit or excite inflammatory responses

A

Inhibit

58
Q

What regulates secretion of cortisol

A

HP axis

59
Q

Does cortisol lead to osteoblast or osteoclast activity

A

osteoclast

60
Q

Are chromaffin cells found in the cortex or medulla of the adrenal gland

A

medulla

61
Q

Another name for GH

A

somatotrophin

62
Q

Somatostatin is…

A

another name for GHIH

63
Q

Does insulin increase or decrease protein and glycogen synthesis

A

Increase

64
Q

T or F
Cortisol suppresses immune function in high and low doses

A

F
Low doses stimulate immune function
high doses suppress

65
Q

Does cortisol break down or increase uptake of amino acids within cells

A

Break down

66
Q

Does insulin inhibit or excite the sodium potassium ATPase pump

A

excite

67
Q

Does parathyroid hormone simulate or inhibit osteoclast activity

A

Stimulate

68
Q

What gives bones their hardness

A

Hydroxyapatite

Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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