Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

The two endocrine structure in the endocrine system that are located in the head

A

Pituitary gland and the pineal gland

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2
Q

The five additional structures of the endocrine system and are situated in the neck

A

Thyroid gland 1
Parathyroid gland 4

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3
Q

___ is a small, oval structure attached to the undersurface of the brain by the stalk like ____

A

Pituitary gland
Infundibulum

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4
Q

The infundibulum pierces the ____ to reach the gland

A

Diaphragma sellae

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5
Q

The gland itself is well protected by virtue of its location in the ______ of the ______ of the sphenoid bone.

A

Hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica

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6
Q

the hypophysis cerebri is often referred to as the?

A

Master endocrine gland

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7
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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8
Q

The anterior lobe is subdivided into the _____ and the ____ which may be separated by a cleft that is a remnant of an embryonic pouch

A

Pars anterior (sometimes called pars distalis)
Pars intermedia

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9
Q

A projection from the pars anterior, the _______ , extends up along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the pituitary stalk.

A

Pars tuberalis

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10
Q

Relation of pituitary gland:
Anterior: ?
Posterior:?
Superior:?
Inferior:?
Lateral:?

A

A - sphenoid sinus
P - dorsum sellae, basillar A. Pons
S - diaphragma sella has a central aperture that allows the passage of the infundibulum and separates the anterior lobe from the optic chiasma
I - Body of the sphenoid, with its sphenoid air sinuses
L - cavernous sinus and its contents.

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11
Q

Blood supply of the pituitary
Artery?
Vein?

A

A - Superior and inferior hypophyseal A, branches if ICA
V - intercavernous sinuses

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12
Q

The ________ influences the activities of many other endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

The pituitary gland is itself controlled by the ____

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

___ is a small cone-shaped body that projects posteriorly from the posterior end of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

A

Pineal gland

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15
Q

The pineal consists essentially of groups of cells, the ___, supported by glial cells.

A

Pinealocytes

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16
Q

The pineal gland has a rich blood supply and is innervated by

A

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

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17
Q

Main function of pineal gland

A

Their actions are mainly inhibitory and either directly inhibit the production of hormones or indirectly inhibit the secretion of releasing factors by the hypothalamus.

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18
Q

What cell does the pineal gland secretes?

A

Pinealocytes

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19
Q

consists of right and left lobes connected by a narrow isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

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20
Q

a vascular organ surrounded by a sheath derived from the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia. The sheath attaches the gland to the larynx and the trachea.

A

Thyroid gland

21
Q

The apex of each lobe of thyroid gland is directed upward as far as the ____ and its base lies below at the ___

A

Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

Level of fourth and fifth tracheal ring

22
Q

The isthmus extends across the midline in front of the ___, ___, and ___ tracheal rings

A

Second, third and fourth

23
Q

A ______ is often present, and it projects upward from the isthmus, usually to the left of the midline.

A

Pyramidal lobe

24
Q

A fibrous or muscular band frequently connects the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid bone; if it is muscular, it is referred to as the?

A

Levator glandulae thyroideae

25
Q

Relation of thyroid gland lobes
Anterolateral:
Posterolateral:
Medial:
Posterior:

A

A - Sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid, sternohyoid, the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
P - Carotid sheath with the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve
M - the larynx, trachea, pharynx and esophagus
Superior and inferior parathyroid glands and the anastomosis between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

26
Q

Relation of thyroid gland isthmus
Anterior:
Posterior:
Superior:

A

A - sternothyroid, sternohyoid, ant jugular veins, fascia and skin
P - second, third, and fourth rings of the trachea
S - terminal branches of superior thyroid arteries anastomose along its upper border

27
Q

The arteries of the thyroid gland are?

A

Superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid A and sometimes the thyroidea ima.

28
Q

____ a branch of the external carotid artery, descends to the upper pole of each lobe, accompanied by the external laryngeal nerve.

A

Superior thyroid artery

29
Q

superior thyroid artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, descends to the upper pole of each lobe, accompanied by the _____

A

External laryngeal nerve

30
Q

____ a branch of the thyrocervical trunk artery, ascends behind the gland to the level of the cricoid cartilage. It then turns medially and downward to reach the posterior border of the gland.

A

Inferior thyroid artery

31
Q

What branch is the inferior thyroid artery?

A

Branch of thyrocervical trunk

32
Q

The ____ crosses either in front f or behind the inferior thyroid artery, or it may pass between its branches

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

33
Q

The ___ if present, may arise from the brachiocephalic artery or the arch of the aorta. It ascends in front of the trachea to the isthmus.

A

Thyroidea ima

34
Q

Veins of the thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid, middle thyroid and inferior thyroid.

35
Q

Vein drainage of the thyroid glands

Superior thyroid - where?
Middle thyroid - where?
Inferior thyroid - where?

A

ST - internal jugular vein
MT - internal jugular vein
IT - inferior thyroid veins of the two sides anastomose with one another as they descend in front of the trachea

They drain into the left brachiocephalic vein in the thorax

36
Q

Lymph drainage of the thyroid gland

A

Drains mainly laterally into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

Few lymph vessel descend to the paratracheal nodes

37
Q

Nerve supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia.

38
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, increases metabolic activity of most cells in the body. The parafollicular cells produce the hormone thyrocalcitonin, which lowers the level of blood calcium.

39
Q

____ are ovoid bodies measuring about 6 mm long in their greatest diameter. They are four in number and are closely related to the posterior border of the thyroid gland, lying within its fascial capsule

A

Parathyroid glands

40
Q

How many mm long is the parathyroid glands?

A

6mm

41
Q

The two ___ parathyroid glands are the more constant in position and lie at the level of the middle of the posterior border of the thyroid gland.

A

Superior parathyroid glands

42
Q

The two ___ parathyroid glands usually lie close to the inferior poles of the thyroid gland. They may lie within the fascial sheath, embedded in the thyroid substance, or outside the fascial sheath.

A

Inferior parathyroid gland

43
Q

Sometimes, they are found some distance caudal to the thyroid gland, in association with the inferior thyroid veins, or they may even reside in the superior mediastinum in the thorax.

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

44
Q

Blood supply (arteries and veins) of parathyroid glands

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Venous drainage is into superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

45
Q

Lymph drainage of parathyroid glands

A

Deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes

46
Q

Nerve supply of parathyroid glands

A

Superior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

47
Q

The function of parathyroid glands

A

The chief cells produce the parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity in bones, thus mobilizing the bone calcium and increasing the calcium levels in the blood.

Also stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium from the SI and the reabsorption of calcium in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney and Also strongly diminishes the reabsorption of phosphate

Calcium levels in the blood control the secretion of the parathyroid hormone

48
Q

Pinealocytes is supported by what cell?

A

Glial cells

49
Q

What separates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Separated by a cleft that is a remnant of an embryonic pouch