Endocrine

Question 1

The two endocrine structure in the endocrine system that are located in the head

Answer 1

Pituitary gland and the pineal gland

Question 2

The five additional structures of the endocrine system and are situated in the neck

Answer 2

Thyroid gland 1
Parathyroid gland 4

Question 3

___ is a small, oval structure attached to the undersurface of the brain by the stalk like ____

Answer 3

Pituitary gland
Infundibulum

Question 4

The infundibulum pierces the ____ to reach the gland

Answer 4

Diaphragma sellae

Question 5

The gland itself is well protected by virtue of its location in the ______ of the ______ of the sphenoid bone.

Answer 5

Hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica

Question 6

the hypophysis cerebri is often referred to as the?

Answer 6

Master endocrine gland

Question 7

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Question 8

The anterior lobe is subdivided into the _____ and the ____ which may be separated by a cleft that is a remnant of an embryonic pouch

Answer 8

Pars anterior (sometimes called pars distalis)
Pars intermedia

Question 9

A projection from the pars anterior, the _______ , extends up along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the pituitary stalk.

Answer 9

Pars tuberalis

Question 10

Relation of pituitary gland:
Anterior: ?
Posterior:?
Superior:?
Inferior:?
Lateral:?

Answer 10

A - sphenoid sinus
P - dorsum sellae, basillar A. Pons
S - diaphragma sella has a central aperture that allows the passage of the infundibulum and separates the anterior lobe from the optic chiasma
I - Body of the sphenoid, with its sphenoid air sinuses
L - cavernous sinus and its contents.

Question 11

Blood supply of the pituitary
Artery?
Vein?

Answer 11

A - Superior and inferior hypophyseal A, branches if ICA
V - intercavernous sinuses

Question 12

The ________ influences the activities of many other endocrine glands.

Answer 12

Pituitary gland

Question 13

The pituitary gland is itself controlled by the ____

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

___ is a small cone-shaped body that projects posteriorly from the posterior end of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

Answer 14

Pineal gland

Question 15

The pineal consists essentially of groups of cells, the ___, supported by glial cells.

Answer 15

Pinealocytes

Question 16

The pineal gland has a rich blood supply and is innervated by

Answer 16

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

Question 17

Main function of pineal gland

Answer 17

Their actions are mainly inhibitory and either directly inhibit the production of hormones or indirectly inhibit the secretion of releasing factors by the hypothalamus.

Question 18

What cell does the pineal gland secretes?

Answer 18

Pinealocytes

Question 19

consists of right and left lobes connected by a narrow isthmus

Answer 19

Thyroid gland

Question 20

a vascular organ surrounded by a sheath derived from the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia. The sheath attaches the gland to the larynx and the trachea.

Answer 20

Thyroid gland

Question 21

The apex of each lobe of thyroid gland is directed upward as far as the ____ and its base lies below at the ___

Answer 21

Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

Level of fourth and fifth tracheal ring

Question 22

The isthmus extends across the midline in front of the ___, ___, and ___ tracheal rings

Answer 22

Second, third and fourth

Question 23

A ______ is often present, and it projects upward from the isthmus, usually to the left of the midline.

Answer 23

Pyramidal lobe

Question 24

A fibrous or muscular band frequently connects the pyramidal lobe to the hyoid bone; if it is muscular, it is referred to as the?

Answer 24

Levator glandulae thyroideae

Question 25

Relation of thyroid gland lobes Anterolateral: Posterolateral: Medial: Posterior:

Answer 25

A - Sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid, sternohyoid, the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid P - Carotid sheath with the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve M - the larynx, trachea, pharynx and esophagus Superior and inferior parathyroid glands and the anastomosis between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 26

Relation of thyroid gland isthmus Anterior: Posterior: Superior:

Answer 26

A - sternothyroid, sternohyoid, ant jugular veins, fascia and skin P - second, third, and fourth rings of the trachea S - terminal branches of superior thyroid arteries anastomose along its upper border

Question 27

The arteries of the thyroid gland are?

Answer 27

Superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid A and sometimes the thyroidea ima.

Question 28

____ a branch of the external carotid artery, descends to the upper pole of each lobe, accompanied by the external laryngeal nerve.

Answer 28

Superior thyroid artery

Question 29

superior thyroid artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, descends to the upper pole of each lobe, accompanied by the _____

Answer 29

External laryngeal nerve

Question 30

____ a branch of the thyrocervical trunk artery, ascends behind the gland to the level of the cricoid cartilage. It then turns medially and downward to reach the posterior border of the gland.

Answer 30

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 31

What branch is the inferior thyroid artery?

Answer 31

Branch of thyrocervical trunk

Question 32

The ____ crosses either in front f or behind the inferior thyroid artery, or it may pass between its branches

Answer 32

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 33

The ___ if present, may arise from the brachiocephalic artery or the arch of the aorta. It ascends in front of the trachea to the isthmus.

Answer 33

Thyroidea ima

Question 34

Veins of the thyroid gland

Answer 34

Superior thyroid, middle thyroid and inferior thyroid.

Question 35

Vein drainage of the thyroid glands Superior thyroid - where? Middle thyroid - where? Inferior thyroid - where?

Answer 35

ST - internal jugular vein MT - internal jugular vein IT - inferior thyroid veins of the two sides anastomose with one another as they descend in front of the trachea They drain into the left brachiocephalic vein in the thorax

Question 36

Lymph drainage of the thyroid gland

Answer 36

Drains mainly laterally into the deep cervical lymph nodes. Few lymph vessel descend to the paratracheal nodes

Question 37

Nerve supply of thyroid gland

Answer 37

Superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia.

Question 38

Thyroid gland function

Answer 38

Secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, increases metabolic activity of most cells in the body. The parafollicular cells produce the hormone thyrocalcitonin, which lowers the level of blood calcium.

Question 39

____ are ovoid bodies measuring about 6 mm long in their greatest diameter. They are four in number and are closely related to the posterior border of the thyroid gland, lying within its fascial capsule

Answer 39

Parathyroid glands

Question 40

How many mm long is the parathyroid glands?

Answer 40

6mm

Question 41

The two ___ parathyroid glands are the more constant in position and lie at the level of the middle of the posterior border of the thyroid gland.

Answer 41

Superior parathyroid glands

Question 42

The two ___ parathyroid glands usually lie close to the inferior poles of the thyroid gland. They may lie within the fascial sheath, embedded in the thyroid substance, or outside the fascial sheath.

Answer 42

Inferior parathyroid gland

Question 43

Sometimes, they are found some distance caudal to the thyroid gland, in association with the inferior thyroid veins, or they may even reside in the superior mediastinum in the thorax.

Answer 43

Inferior parathyroid glands

Question 44

Blood supply (arteries and veins) of parathyroid glands

Answer 44

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries Venous drainage is into superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 45

Lymph drainage of parathyroid glands

Answer 45

Deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes

Question 46

Nerve supply of parathyroid glands

Answer 46

Superior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 47

The function of parathyroid glands

Answer 47

The chief cells produce the parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity in bones, thus mobilizing the bone calcium and increasing the calcium levels in the blood. Also stimulates the absorption of dietary calcium from the SI and the reabsorption of calcium in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney and Also strongly diminishes the reabsorption of phosphate Calcium levels in the blood control the secretion of the parathyroid hormone

Question 48

Pinealocytes is supported by what cell?

Answer 48

Glial cells

Question 49

What separates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 49

Separated by a cleft that is a remnant of an embryonic pouch