Endocrine Flashcards
What is Addison’s disease?
a type of primary adrenal insufficiency that leads to a reduced production of adrenocortical hormones
Where are glucocorticoids made? Give an example of one
Cortisol. Produced in the zona fasciculata (middle layer of adrenal cortex)
Where are mineralocorticoids made? Give an example of one.
Aldosterone. Produced in the zona glomerulosa (outer layer of adrenal cortex)
Where are adrenal androgens produced? Give an example of one.
DHEAs (precursor of testosterone). Produced in the zona recticularis (inner layer of adrenal cortex)
What does low cortisol cause?
hypoglycemia
What does low aldosterone cause?
Increased K+. Decreased Na+ and bp
What causes skin pigmentation in Addison’s disease?
Increased ATCH
Diagnosis of Addison’s
Short synacthen test - ATCH injection
Treatment of Addison’s
hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
increases peripheral insulin sensitivity and decreased hepatic glucose production
What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
Depolarize islet cells in the pancreas increasing insulin secretion e.g. gliclazide
What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?
increase peripheral insulin sensitivity e.g. pioglitazone
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2i?
increase urinary glucose loss e.g. dapagliflozin
What is the mechanism of action of DPP4-inhibitors?
inhibit GLP1 breakdown to increase incretin effect e.g. sitagliptin
What is the mechanism of action of GLP1 receptor antagonists?
act as GLP1 molecules to enhance incretin effect by activating GLP-1 receptors e.g. liraglutide
What drug class is gliclazide?
Sulphonylureas
What drug class is glitazones?
TZDs
What drug class is liraglutide?
GLP-1 receptor antagonists
what drug class is sitagliptin
DPP4 inhibitors
what drug class is empagliflozin?
SGLT2i
What anti-diabetic drugs have CV benefit?
metformin, TZDs, GLP-1, SGLT2i
what anti-diabetic drugs cause weight loss?
GLP-1, SGLT2i
what anti-diabteic drugs are weight neutral?
DPP4i, metformin
what anti-diabetic drugs cause weight gain?
sulphonylureas, TZDs
