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Systemic Conditions > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothyroid disease

A

Happens when thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Hypothyroid S+S

A

Depends on severity
Fatigue
Constipation
Dry skin, inc sensitivity to cold
Menstrual cycle is heavier/ more irregular
Muscle weakness
Bradycardia

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3
Q

Hypothyroidism in infants

A

Feeding problems
Poor growth
Poor weight gain
Jaundice
Constipation
Poor muscle tone
Hoarse crying
Soft swelling or bulge near belly button- umbilical hernia

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4
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroiditis- inflame of thyroid gland, lowers hormone production

Hashimoto’s disease- painless disease, autoimmune condition where body cells attack thyroid, inherited

Postpartum thyroiditis- 5-9%, usually temporary

Iodine deficiency- iodine used to produce hormones in thyroid, common around world

Non-functioning thyroid gland- congenital, screening blood tests

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5
Q

Hyperthyroidism in children and teens

A

Similar in adults
Poor growth that leads to short stature
Delayed development of permanent teeth
Delayed puberty
Poor mental development

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6
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroid hormone produced by thyroid gland

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7
Q

Hyperthyroidism S+S

A

Sometimes looks like other health problems
Losing weight unintentionally
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Heart palpitations
Tremor- usually small trembling in hands/fingers
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Thinning hair
Enlarged thyroid gland

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8
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease- entire thyroid gland may be overactive and produce too much

Nodules- overreactive in thyroid gland, single= toxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, several= toxic multi-nodular goiter

Excessive iodine- too much= inc hormone production

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9
Q

Cushing’s disease

A
  • Cushing syndrome occurs when your body has too much of the hormone cortisol over time
  • This can result from taking oral corticosteroid medication, or your body might produce too much cortisol
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10
Q

Cushing’s cause

A
  • Cushing syndrome is caused by there being too much of the hormone cortisol in the body
  • Cortisol is produced in the adrenal glands and plays a variety of roles in the body, which is why Cushing syndrome has such a wide range of symptoms
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11
Q

Cushings population

A
  • Females, aged 20-50
  • People who take steroid medication
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12
Q

Cushing’s risks

A
  • Sex
    o Females
  • Younger adults
    o 20 – 50
  • Taking oral steroids for long periods of time
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13
Q

Cushing’s S+S

A
  • Symptoms vary depending on the levels of excess cortisol
  • Common signs
    o Weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face) and between the shoulders (buffalo hump)
    o Pink or purple stretch marks (striae) on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts and arms
    o Thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily
    o Slow healing cuts, insect bites and infections
    o Acne
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14
Q

Cushing’s female S+S

A

o Thicker or more visible body and facial hair (hirsutism)
o Irregular or absent menstrual periods

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15
Q

Cushing’s male S+Sq

A

o Decreased sex drive
o Decreased fertility
o Erectile dysfunction

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16
Q

Cushing’s prognosis

A
  • Can be cured in most cases, although it may take some time for symptoms to ease
  • If left untreated it can be fatal
  • Treatment involves
    o Reducing corticosteroid use
    o Surgery
     If its caused by a tumour
    o Radiation therapy
    o Medication
    o Lifestyle changes
     Increase activities slowly
     Eat sensibly
     Monitor mental health
     Soothe aches and pains with hot baths, massages and low-impact exercises
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17
Q

Addisons disease

A
  • An uncommon illness that occurs when the body doesn’t make enough of certain hormones
    Cortisol, aldosterone
  • Also called adrenal insufficiency
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18
Q

Addisons cause

A
  • Caused by damage to the adrenal glands
  • Damage to the adrenal glands results in too little of the hormone cortisol, and often, the hormone aldosterone
19
Q

Addisons population

A
  • Women aged between 30 and 50
20
Q

Addisons risks

A
  • Sex
    o Female
  • Age
    o Can affect anyone
    o Most common between 30 and 50
  • Some autoimmune diseases
    o Type 1 diabetes
    o Hypoparathyroidism
  • Certain genetic defects
21
Q

Addisons S+S

A
  • Symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months
  • The disease can move slowly with people ignoring the symptoms, then a stress, such as an illness or injury makes symptoms worse
  • Extreme fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Areas of darkened skin
  • Low blood pressure, even fainting
  • Salt craving
  • Hypoglycaemia
    o Low blood sugar
  • Nausea, diarrhoea or vomiting
  • Abdominal px
  • Muscle and joint px
  • Irritability
  • Depression
  • Body hair loss
  • Sexual issues
22
Q

Addisons prognosis

A
  • Most people with the condition have a normal life span and are able to live an active life with few limitations
  • However, many people do experience bouts of fatigue
  • People with Addison’s disease are also more at risk of having associated health problems
    o Diabetes
    o Hypothyroidism
  • Treated by replacing the missing hormones with synthetic versions of them
  • Prognosis is generally good
  • People with Addison’s disease will have to take medicine for the rest of their lives but they can live happy, healthy lives while on this medication
23
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  • Lupus is a disease that occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
  • It’s an autoimmune disease
24
Q

Lupus cause

A

auto immune disease
- Occurs when the immune system attacks healthy tissue in the body
- Likely that lupus results from a combination of your genetics and your environment
- It appears that people with an inherited predisposition for lupus may develop the diseasw when they come into contact with something in the environment that can trigger lupus

25
Q

Lupus triggers

A

o Sunlight
o Infections
o Medications
 Certain types of blood pressure medications
 Antiseizure medications
 Antibiotics
 People with drug induced lupus usually get better when they stop taking the medication

26
Q

Lupus population

A
  • Females aged 15 to 45 from minority ethnic backgrounds
27
Q

Lupus risk

A
  • Sex
    o More common in women
  • Age
    o Can affect anyone
    o Most often diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 45
  • Race
    o More common in African Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans
28
Q

Lupus S+S

A
  • S&S may come on suddenly or develop slowly, may be mild or severe and may be temporary or permeant
  • Some people have mild disease episodes, called flares, where S&S get worse for a while the improve or even disappear completely for a time
  • Most common symptoms are
    o Fatigue
    o Fever
    o Jt px, stiffness and swelling
    o Butterfly shaped rash on the face that covers the cheeks and bridge of the nose or rashes elsewhere on the body
    o Skin lesions that appear or worsen with sun exposure
    o Fingers and toes that turn white or blue when exposed to cold or during stressful periods
    o Shortness of breath
    o Chest px
    o Dry eyes
    o Headaches
    o Confusion
    o Memory loss
29
Q

Lupus prognosis

A
  • The way lupus is treated depends on several factors including
    o The symptoms and complications experienced
    o Severity of the case
    o Age
    o Type of medications you may be taking
    o General health
    o Medical history
  • Chronic condition that will need to be managed regularly
  • The goal of treatment is to get symptoms into remission (not active) and limit the amount og damage the disease does to the organs
  • Lupus is unpredictable
  • Common lupus medications include
    o Steroids
     Corticosteroids
     Including prednisone
    o Hydroxychloroquine
    o Azathioprine
    o Methotrexate belimumab
    o Rituximab
  • No cure
  • Condition can be managed to minimise the impact lupus has on your life, but it will never go away
30
Q

Systemic sclerosis

A
  • A group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin
  • May also cause problems in the blood vessels, internal organs and digestive tract
31
Q

Systemic sclerosis

A
  • Results from an overproduction and accumulation of collagen in body tissues
  • Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up the body’s connective tissues, including the skin
  • The exact cause for this process to begin is unknown
  • The body’s immune system is thought to play a role
  • Most likely that scleroderma is cause by a combo of factors including
    o Immune system problems
    o Genetics
    o Environmental factors
32
Q

Systemic sclerosis population

A

Women
30-50

33
Q

Systemic sclerosis S+S- skin related

A

o Hardening and tightening of the skin
o First parts of the body that are affected are the
 Fingers
 Hands
 Feet
 Face
o In some people the skin thickening can also involve the
 Forearms
 Upper arms
 Chest
 Abdomen
 Lower legs
 Thighs
o Early symptoms include swelling and itching
o Affected skin can become lighter or darker in colour and may look shiny because of the tightness
o Some people also experience small red spots – telangiectasia – on their hands and face
o Calcium deposits can form under the skin
 Especially at the fingertips

34
Q

Digestive sclerosis S+S

A

o Heart burn
o Difficulty swallowing
o Bloating
o Diarrhoea
o Constipation
o Faecal incontinence

35
Q

Heart S+S sclerosis

A

o Irregular heartbeat
o Heart failure may also occur in some people

36
Q

Lung problems sclerosis S+S

A

o Shortness of breath
o Decreased exercise tolerance
o Dizziness
o Pulmonary hypertension

37
Q

Sclerosis prognosis

A
  • No cure
  • Can live a healthy life with this disease
  • Treatment is directed at controlling and managing the symptoms
  • Because scleroderma can have many symptoms, a combo of approaches is often needed to treat and manage the disease
    o Skin treatments
    o Digestive remedies
    o Treatment for lung disease
  • Management for scleroderma
    o Exercise
    o Jt protection
    o Skin protection
    o Diet
    o Dental care
    o Stress management
38
Q

PMR

A
  • Inflammatory disorder that causes muscle P and stiffness, especially in shoulders, neck and hips
39
Q

PMR cause

A
  • Unknown
  • Genetics- certain genes and gene variations can inc susceptibility
  • Enviro exposure- virus may act as trigger
40
Q

PMR population

A

65+

41
Q

PMR risk

A
  • Age- 70-80
  • Women 2-3x
  • Race- northern European or Scandinavian
42
Q

PMR S+S

A
  • Usually bilateral
  • Aches/P in shoulders, hip and neck
  • Stiffness particularly in morning/after period of inactivity
  • Mild fever
  • Fatigue
  • Unintended weight loss
  • Depression
43
Q

PMR prognosis

A
  • Most eventually recover entirely from the disease or within 5 years
    Corticosteroid- prednisolone

Systemic Conditions (8 decks)

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