Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

histo sem 2 > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the endocrine system

A

Regulates metabolic activity of target organs and tissues, using chemical substances called hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the endocrine system consisted of?

A
  1. Endocrine glands: the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the
    parathyroid glands and the suprarenal glands.
  2. Clusters of cells within certain organs (e.g. Islets of Langerhans)
  3. Endocrine cells (isolated in the epithelium of digestive and
    respiratory systems)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General characteristics of endocrine glands

A

– Absence of excretory ducts
– Highly vascularized
– Cell arranged in cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Endocrine secretion?

A

Hormone released into blood or lymph vessels, then transported to another part of body, where it acts on target tissues or organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Paracrina secretion?

A

Hormone released into immediate vicinity. Neuroendocrine system consist of cells scattered throughout digestive and respiratory systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type od hormones does the endocrine system release?

A
  1. Peptides
  2. Sterioids- cholesterol derived
  3. Aminoacids and arachudonic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Groups of hormone receptors:

A
  1. Cell surface receptors
  2. Intracelullar receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are cell-surface receptors?

A

Interact with peptide hormones. Generate second messengers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are intracellular receptors?

A

Interact with steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and vit A + D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are the feedback mechamisms?

A

Negative and positive feedbacks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does hypophysis divide?

A

Adenohypophisis and Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pars of adenohypophysis:

A

Distalis, tuberalis, intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pars of neurohypophysis:

A

Pars nervosa and infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Master organ

A

Pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

Capillary network and secondary capillary network in pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the infeerior hypophyseal artery supply?

A

Pars nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 2 chromophils:

A

Acidophils and basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most abuntant cell type in pituitary gland:

A

Acidophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acidophil types:

A
  1. Somatotropes
  2. Lactotrops
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does somatotrope secrete?

A

Somatotropin
- Regulated by GHRH
- Inhibited by somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does lactotrope secrete?

A

Prolactin
- Regulated by TRH
- Inhibited by dopamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Basophil types:

A
  1. Thyrotrope
  2. Gonadotrope
  3. Corticotrope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Thyrotrope secrete?

A

TSH, thyrotropin, inhibited by negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does gonadotrope secrete?

A

FSH and LH
- Regulated by GnRH and negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does corticotrope release?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) produced by hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the best way to identify chromophil?

A

Immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies against the products (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Contain neurosecretory granules. The granules are released and enter fenestrated capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does pars nervosa secrete?

A
  • Vasopressin = Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What triggers vasopressin secretion?

A

Changes in plasma osmolality, detected by the carotid bodies and cell bodies of hypothalamic secretory neurons(osmoreceptors).

30
Q

What can cause Diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH secretion

31
Q

Function of oxytocin:

A

Promotes contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland.

32
Q

Epiphysis cerebri / Pineal gland function:

A

It obtains information about light and dark cycles from the retina via the retinohypothalamic trac

33
Q

Pinealocytes Hormone is:

A

Melatonin

34
Q

What is corpora arenacae (brain sand)?

A

Derived from precipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates

35
Q

Histological organization of thyroid gland:

A

– Capsule of loose CT. Extensive blood and lymphatic supply.
– Spherical structures lined by epithelia forming follicles
containing central colloid.

36
Q

Where is thyroglobulin found?

A

Extracellular in colloid

37
Q

Two epithelial cell types in thyroid follicles:

A
  1. Thyroid follicular (principal) cells
  2. Parafollicular or C cells
38
Q

What does Thyroid follicular (principal) cells secrete?

A

Thyroid hormones T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)

39
Q

What does Parafollicular / C cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) that lowers blood calcium inhibiting bone resorption.

40
Q

How do Follicular epithelial cells actively transport iodide from the blood into their cytoplasm?

A

Using ATP-dependent
iodide transporters

41
Q

Where is Thyroglobulin post translationally glycosylated?

A

In the rER and Golgi - vesicles - secreted by exocytosis into follicle lumen

42
Q

Where does Iodination of thyroglobulin occurr?

A

Microvillus surface of follicular cell catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

43
Q

How does Formation of T3 and T4 occur?

A

Oxidative coupling reactions
- Regulated by negative feedback

44
Q

How does resorption of colloid by endocytosis occur?

A

Upon stimulation by TSH

45
Q

Play an essential role in normal fetal development:

A

Thyroid hormones

46
Q

What causes Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Presence of abnormal autoimmunoglobulins directed against thyroglobulin (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb), and the TSH receptor (TSHAb). Results in thyroid cell apoptosis and follicular destruction.

47
Q

What causes Graves’ disease?

A

Immunoglobulins bind to the thyrotropin receptors mimicking thyrotropin stimulation.

48
Q

Parathyroid glands cell types:

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Oxyphil cells
49
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

PTH parathyroid hormone

50
Q

What do oxyphil cells appear like?

A

large cell, acidophilic mitochondria in cytoplasm

51
Q

What does Hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

Excessive high calcium in blood. Bone disease called Osteitis fibrosa cystic!

52
Q

What does Hypoparathyroidism cause?

A

Low calcium. Convulsions called Tetany

53
Q

What are the adrenal glands divided into?

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

54
Q

Site of corticosteroid synthesis:

A

Adrenal cortex

55
Q

Adrenal cortex regions:

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Fasciculata
  3. Reticularis
56
Q

Site of mineralocorticoids synthesis (Aldosterone):

A

Zona glomerulosa

57
Q

Site of glucocorticoids synthesis (Cortisol):

A

Zona fasciculata

58
Q

Site of weak androgen
synthesis: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

Zona reticularis

59
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing syndrome) symptoms:

A

Pituitary tumor, excessive ACTH, cortisol - obesity, impotence, amenorrhea

60
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease) symptoms:

A

Destruction of adrenal cortex by infection. Symptoms: low blood pressure, weight loss, general weakness: may lead to death if no hormone therapy is given.

61
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease)

A
62
Q

Adrenal medulla secretory function of:

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

63
Q

What is Epinephrine for?

A

Small vesicles: Fight or Flight preparation

64
Q

What is Norepinephrine for?

A

Dense vesicles: Elevation of blood pressure by vasoconstriction

65
Q

Blood supplu to adrenal medulla can be:;

A

DUAL:
Indirect: sinusoids
Direct: medullary arteries

66
Q

One disorder of the adrenal medulla is:

A

Pheochromocytoma, a tumor that causes hyperglycemia and transient elevations of blood pressure.

67
Q

Alpha cells (A) secrete:

A

Glucagon : which increases blood sugar levels

67
Q

Alpha cells (A) secrete:

A

Glucagon : which increases blood sugar levels

68
Q

Beta (B) cells secrete:

A

Insulin: which lowers blood sugar

69
Q

Delta cells (D) secrete:

A

Somatostatin : Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon in a paracrine action

70
Q

F cell secretes:

A

Pancreatic polypeptide : - Stimulates gastric chief cells.
- Inhibits bile secretion and intestinal motility

71
Q

Absence or inadequate amounts of insulin lead to elevated blood glucose levels and the presence of glucose in the urine, a condition known as

A

Diabetes mellitus

histo sem 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions