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endocrine system > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

direct communication

A

exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions; occurs between two cells of the same type

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2
Q

autocrine communication

A

messages affect the same cells that secrete them

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3
Q

Paracrine communication

A

chemical signals transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue

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4
Q

endocrine communication

A

endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) that are transported in the bloodstream; alters metabolic activities of target cells

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5
Q

synaptic communication

A

neurons release neurotransmitters at a synapse; leads to action potentials re that propagated along axons

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6
Q

pathway of light

A

Light enters the cornea then the aqueous humor, then the lens, then the vitreous body, and then the retina and then fovea centralis where the photoreceptors are located. Then the bipolar cells synapse with the ganglion cells which senses an action potential to the optic chiasm to the thalamus to the cortex

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7
Q

pathway of light from sensory receptor to brain

A

Photon hits rhodopsin, retinal changes it shape and separates from opsin, opsin activates the closure of sodium ion channels, neurotransmitter goes away, bipolar cells releases graded potential to ganglion cell, action potential goes down ganglion cells and tells brain that it has seen light.

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8
Q

pathway of sound

A

Auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, vestibule/semicircular canals, cochlea, cochlear nerve
The hearing receptor is the cochlea
Cochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, pons, inferior colliculi of midbrain, thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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9
Q

pathway of equilibrium receptors to the brain

A

sensory neurons in the vestibular ganglia monitor hair cells of the vestibular complex, vestibular nerve formed from ganglia fibers, CN VII synapse within vestibular nuclei at boundary between pons and medulla oblongata

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10
Q

pathway for olfaction

A

odorant binds to g-coupled receptor, afferent fibers leave olfactory epithelium, reach olfactory bulbs of cerebrum, travels along olfactory tract to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus and limbic system; ONLY SENSORY INFO THAT REACH CEREBRAL CORTEX DIRECTLY

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11
Q

pathway for gustation

A

anterior ⅔ tongue CN 7 facial nerve, rest of tongue CN 9 glossopharyngeal, bitter taste/ gag reflex CN 10 vagus nerve, spicy temp CN 5 trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

amino acid derivative

A

Amino acid derivatives
Small molecules structurally related to amino acids
Derivatives of tyrosine
Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Derivatives of tryptophan
Serotonin and melatonin

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13
Q

peptide hormones

A

Chains of amino acids
Most are synthesized as prohormones
Inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after they are secreted
Glycoproteins (ex: TSH LH FSH)
Small proteins (<200 aa)
Includes all hormones secreted by hypothalamus, heart, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas, posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, etc…

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14
Q

lipid derivatives

A

Steroid hormones- derived from cholesterol
Include
Androgens from testes in males
Estrogen and progesterone from ovaries in females
Corticosteroids from adrenal cortex
Calcitriol from kidneys
Bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma
Remain in circulation longer than peptide hormones

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15
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease in number of hormone receptors; when levels of a particular hormone are high, cells become less sensitive to it

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16
Q

up-regulation

A

increase in number of hormone receptors; when levels of a particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it

17
Q

humoral stimuli

A

change in extracellular fluid

triggers hormonal secretion

18
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

arrival or removal of hormone

triggers hormonal secretion

19
Q

neural stimuli

A

neurotransmitter

triggers hormonal secretion

20
Q

hypothalamus

A

Regulates functions of the pituitary gland
Synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) and transports them to posterior pituitary gland for release
Secretes regulatory hormones that control secretory activity of anterior pituitary gland
Contains autonomic centers that exert direct control over adrenal medulla

21
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulates metabolism in the body by the production of thyroid hormones

22
Q

parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone
Secreted by parathyroid (principal) cells in response to low concentrations of Ca2+ in blood
Antagonist for calcitonin
Stimulates osteoclasts
Accelerates mineral turnover and Ca2+ release
Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ by kidneys, reducing urinary losses
Stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol by kidneys

23
Q

outer zona golmerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids ex: Aldosterone
Stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions
Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste buds
Secreted in response to
Drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or blood pressure
Rise in blood K+ concentration

24
Q

middle zona fasciculata

A

Glucocorticoids ex: cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone
Secretion is regulated by negative feedback
Glucocorticoids have an inhibitory effect on the production of
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus
ACTH in the anterior pituitary
Accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen formation, especially in liver
Have anti-inflammatory effects
Inhibit activities of white blood cells and other components of immune system

25
Q

inner zona reticularis

A

Branching network of endocrine cells
Forms narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla
Produces small quantities of androgens under stimulation by ACTH
Some are converted to estrogens in bloodstream
Stimulate development of pubic hair before puberty

26
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Contains two types of secretory cells
One produces epinephrine (E)
75-80 percent of medullary secretion
The other produces norepinephrine (NE)
20-25 percent of medullary secretion
Results of activation of adrenal medulla
In skeletal muscles, E and NE trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves
And accelerate breakdown of glucose
In adipose tissue, stored fats are broken down into fatty acids
In the liver, glycogen molecules are broken down
In the heart stimulation of beta receptors speeds and strengthens cardiac muscle contraction

27
Q

pineal gland

A

synthesize melatonin

28
Q

pancreas

A

Exocrine pancreas
Consists of clusters of gland cells called pancreatic acini and their attached ducts
Takes up roughly 99 percent of pancreatic volume
Endocrine pancreas
Consists of cells that form clusters known as pancreatic islets
Alpha cells produce glucagon
Beta cells produce insulin
When blood glucose levels increase, beta cells secrete insulin
Stimulating transport of glucose into target cells
When blood glucose levels decrease
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release
by liver

29
Q

testes

A

Interstitial endocrine cells produce androgens (ex testosterone)
Nurse cells support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm and secrete inhibin for negative feedback

30
Q

ovaries

A

Produce estrogens, inhibin secreted for negative feedback
After ovulation, follicle cells reorganize into corpus luteum
Release estrogens and progesterone

31
Q

heart

A

Produces natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
When blood volume becomes excessive
Triggers Na secretion at kidneys, resulting in reduction in blood volume and blood pressure
Actions opposes aldosterone and angiotensin II

32
Q

thymus

A

Produces thymosin (blend of several hormone)
Promotes development and maturation of lymphocytes

33
Q

adipose tissue

A

Produces leptin
Provides feedback control of appetite
Maintains normal levels of GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis
Reduces free radicals

34
Q

antagonistic effect

A

Result depends on balance between two hormones

35
Q

synergistic effect

A

additive effect

36
Q

permissive effect

A

One hormone is needed for another to produce effect

37
Q

integrative effect

A

Hormone produce different but complementary results

endocrine system (1 decks)

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