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Anatomy sem 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

stress response step 1

A

Alarm phase- energy reserves mobilized (glucose)
epinephrine, increased alertness, circulation change

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2
Q

Resistance phase

A

occurs after more than a few hours, cortisol is administered, conservation of glucose, conservation of salt and H2O

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3
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

weeks to months, mineral imbalances cause infections, organ failure, cardiovascular damage, loss of lipid reserves

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4
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth

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5
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

surgical removal of pituitary

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6
Q

prolactinoma

A

pituitary tumor, hypersecretion of prolactin disturbances in women

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7
Q

psychosocial dwarfism

A

dwarfism, failure to thrive, stress and emotional disorders that support growth hormone are failing

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8
Q

Thyroid storm

A

a sudden increase in symptoms of hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

endocrine cascade

A

stress goes to the hypothalamus, which then administers CRH, and goes to the anterior Pituitary which produces ACTH, ACTH goes to the adrenal gland and produces cortisol

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10
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Adrenal, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, pineal, thymus glands, pancreas, gonads

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11
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluids that regulate metabolic function

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12
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Variety of amine and peptide hormones released to regulate digestive functions

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13
Q

neurohormone

A

released by nervous system structure in response to nerve stimulation

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14
Q

pheromone

A

chemical released by exterior of organism to receiving individual of same species

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15
Q

receptors

A

inside or on surface of cell, bind to substance and cause effect, protein

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16
Q

what do receptors do

A

receptors allow binding of hormones and help differentiate into target receptors

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17
Q

Hormones vs. neurotransmitters

A

Hormones produced in endocrine and secreted in blood, neurotransmitters in synapse

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18
Q

intracellular receptors vs. membrane bound receptors

A

intracellular in cytoplasm, membrane convert

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19
Q

Protein vs. steroid hormones

A

Protein react with receptors on surface of cell, steroid act with receptor sites inside a cell

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20
Q

up regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to increasingly higher levels of specific hormones

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21
Q

down regulation

A

loss of receptors prevent overreacting to high hormone levels

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22
Q

hormone action

A
  1. Change in plasma membrane permeability
  2. synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
  3. enzyme activation/deactivation
  4. induction of secretory activity
  5. stimulation of mitosis
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23
Q

exocrine gland

A

have ducts, non-hormonal products go to membrane (saliva, sweat)

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24
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, hormones into blood and lymph

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25
Q

steroid hormone action

A

diffuse into target cells and attach to DNA to transcript
1. lipid derivatives, synthesized from cholesterol ( androgen, estrogen, progestrins)

26
Q

protein hormone action

A

Amino acid-based molecules- melatonin, thyroxin, catecholamines, peptides

27
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

results in secretion of large amounts of urine, head trauma

28
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

hyposecretion of insulin, lots of urine, hunger and food consumption–> type 1/2

29
Q

glucocorticoid

A

influence metabolism, stimulated by ACTH, cortisol to maintain blood sugar and volume

30
Q

blood nutrient

A

vitamins, minerals and antioxidants

31
Q

mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone, involved with maintaining salt balance

32
Q

insulin

33
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by A cells to liver, promote glycogen to glucose, stimulated =low glucose

34
Q

growth hormone

A

targets body cells, primarily bone and muscle, increase size, stimuli= GHRH, GHIH

35
Q

cortisol

A

influence metabolism, part of stress response

36
Q

T3/T4

A

triiodothyronine- formed at target tissues, 3 iodine, increase temp, metabolism, development, everything

37
Q

calcitonin

A

maintain Calcium in b lood, thyroid

38
Q

oxytocin

A

positive feedback, hypothalamus then in blood from pituitary

39
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone- targets kidney to resorb water in blood, less pee

40
Q

prolactin

A

targets breast secretory tissue to promote lactation- stimuli= PRH, PIH

41
Q

TH

A

made by thyroid after TSH stimuli

42
Q

TSH

A

stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid

43
Q

melatonin

A

control day.night cycles, body temp, sleep, appetite

44
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone- targets gonads to promote hormones

45
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone- targets gonads to stimulate gamete production

46
Q

epinephrine

A

reinforce and prolong fight/flight response, target nervous system to increase heart and metabolic

47
Q

estrogen

A

maturation of organs, promote breast development, and cyclical changes

48
Q

testosterone

A

initiates maturation of organs, promotes sperm and reproductive organs

49
Q

aldosterone

A

helps to maintain salt levels in body

50
Q

master gland– pituitary

A

in brain, controls function of most endocrine glands

51
Q

hypothalamus purpose and type

A

produces hormones, TSH, ACTH, LH, PRL, oxytocin, ADH

52
Q

homeostasis

53
Q

Steroid hormones produce their effects by

A

interacting with DNA

54
Q

which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine

A

endocrine glands secrete their products directly into blood, exocrine glands secrete through ducts

55
Q

insulin caused

A

decrease in concentration of glucose

56
Q

specific site for glucagon production

A

alpha cells in pancreas

57
Q

epinephrine ; adrenal
aldosterone; pituitary
cortisol; adrenal
ACTH; pituitary
growth hormone; thyroid
growth hormone releasing hormone; hypothalamus

58
Q
  • growth hormone is secreted by pancreas
    -growth hormone can be found in blood
    -growth hormone is secreted throughout life
    -growth hormone promotes protein synthesis in its target issues
59
Q

homeostasis mechanism

A

stimulus
sensor
integrator
effector
response

60
Q

stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector and target of low glucose

A

blood glucose concentration, receptors in pancreas, pancreas elevate alpha cells, glucagon effects, target is liver cells

61
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

islands of endocrine cells throughout pancreas

62
Q

how are islets related to type 2 diabetes?

A

beta cells are destroyed and are therefore not functional to help lower glucose

Anatomy sem 2 (1 decks)

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