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Endocrine > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Define endocrinology

A

The study of hormones, their receptor, intracellular signalling pathways and their diseases

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2
Q

Define endocrine w examples

A

Glands release their secretions ductlessly and dirctley into the bloodstream
B cells of pancrease, thyroid, adrenal gland

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3
Q

Define exocrine w examples

A

Glands pour its secretions through a duct into site of action
Pancrease- amylase, lipase`

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4
Q

What is endocrine action?

A

action of a substance on cells of a distant site, travels through blood

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5
Q

What is paracrine action?

A

Action of a substance on an adjacent cell from which it was secreted from

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6
Q

What is autocrine action?

A

Feedback on the same cell that secreted the hormone- acts on itself

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7
Q

Do hormones affect neural tissue?

A

no

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8
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Corticotrophins
Growt

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9
Q

Which 2 classes of hormones are water soluble?

A

Peptide and monoamines

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10
Q

What are the properties of lipid soluble hormones?

A

Travel blood protein bound
Diffuse through lipid bilayer
Slow clearance
Long half life

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11
Q

What are the properties of water soluble hormones?

A

Travel dissolved in blood
Attach onto specific cell surface receptor
Short half life
Fast clearance

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12
Q

Compare the transport of water and lipid soluble hormones

A

Water- travel unbound- dissolved in blood
Fat - Travel bound w proteins

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13
Q

Compare the entry into cells of fat and water soluble hormones

A

Water- attach onto a specific receptor
Fat- diffuse into cell through CSM

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14
Q

Compare the half-life and clearance of water and fat soluble hormones

A

Water- small half-life and quick clearance
Fat- long half-life and slow clearance

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15
Q

Which classes of hormones are water soluble?

A

Peptides (cck, anp, insulin)
Monoamines (adrenaline)

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16
Q

Which classes of hormones are lipid soluble?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Give examples of fat-soluble + steroid hormones hormones

A

Steroids - cortisol, testosterone, oestrogen, aldosterone
Fat soluble- thyroid hormones

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18
Q

Name 4 different classes of hormones

A

Peptides, amines, iodothyronines, cholestrerol derivatives and steroids

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19
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone (androgen)
Oestrogen
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Progesterone

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20
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

ADH
LH / FSH
GH
Prolactin

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21
Q

Gve 3 examples of amine based hormones

A

dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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22
Q

What is needed to convert norepinephrine to epinephrine

A

cortisol

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23
Q

What are the effects of alpha adrenoreceptor activation

A

vasoconstriction
bowel muscle contraction
sweating
anxiety
pupil dilation

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24
Q

What are the effects of beta adrenoreceptor activation?

A

vasodilation
incr. heart rate, force of muscle contractility
relaxation of bronchial and visceral smooth muscle

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25
Q

Are iodothyronine hormone protein bound?

A

yes

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26
Q

Which thyroid hormone is more active?

A

T3

27
Q

Which hormones bind to cell membrane receptors?

A

Peptide- insulin

28
Q

Which hormone class binds to cytoplasm receptors

A

steroids- glucocotricoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens (testosterone), progesterone

29
Q

Where do thyroid hormones bind to

A

nuclear receptors (vit d, oestrogen, thyroid hormones)

30
Q

Circadian rhythm controls which hormones?

A

ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, GH

31
Q

Which hormone inhibits prolactin?

A

Dopamine

32
Q

Name a hormone that has continuous release

A

prolactin

33
Q

Name a hormone which has a pulsatile release

A

insulin/ growth hormone

34
Q

Give an example of hormone synergism

A

glucagon with adrenaline- both released in hypoglycaemia to increase blood glucose

35
Q

Give an example of hormone antagonism

A

glucagon and insulin

36
Q

What is the effect of hormone metabolism on hormone function?

A

reduces function

37
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin

38
Q

What receptors do hypothalamic and pituitary hormones bind to?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

39
Q

What type of tissue makes up the anterior pituitary?

A

Glandular

40
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal veins

41
Q

What type of tissue and main cell type makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

Nerve tissue with glial cells

42
Q

Where are post. pit. hormone produced and stored

A

produced- hypothalamus
stored PP

43
Q

What is the action of ADH

A

water retention in collecting ducts- maintain blood volume via acting on principle cells

44
Q

Which factors stimulate the secretion of ADH?

A

decr. blood volume,
nausea and vomiting,
stress,
incr. osmolality
incr. blood co2
decr. blood o2

45
Q

What are the main 2 functions of oxytocin

A

ejection of milk during breast-feeding
stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labour

46
Q

What class of hormones do anterior pit. secrete

A

6 main peptide hormones

47
Q

Name 6 main hormones ant. pit. secrete

A
  1. growth hormone
  2. lutenising hormone
  3. follicle stimulating hormone
  4. thyroid stimulating hormone
  5. prolactin
  6. adrenocorticotrophic hormone
48
Q

Where does ant. pit recieve arteial blood supply from

A

portal venous circulation - hypothalamo-hypophseal portal veins

49
Q

Function of growth hormone

A

stimulates growth and proteinsynthesis
fat and carb metabolism
gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

50
Q

Function of ACTH

A

Acts on adrenal gland to secrete
- adrenaline from adrenal medulla
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) from zona granulosa
- glucocorticoids (cortisol) from zona fasciulata
- androgens from zona reticularis

51
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

inhibits insulin, stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
immunosuppressant
anti-inflam effects
incr cardiac output

52
Q

Effect of TSH

A

stimulates the release of thyroid hormone to incr. metabolism
cardiac output and rate
food metabolism
protein synthesis

53
Q

What inhibts growth hormone

A

somatostatin

54
Q

Presentation points of pit. tumour causing pressure on local strutures

A
  • CSF leak
  • Can cause hydrocephalus
  • Bitemporal hemianopia from pressing on optic chiasm
55
Q

Effects of hyperpituitarism- increased secretion of pit hormone

A

acromegaly- inc. GH
prolactinoma - inc. prolactin
cushings disease- incr. cortisol

56
Q

What is the definition of hunger

A

need to eat food

57
Q

What is the definition of appetite?

A

Desire to eat food

58
Q

Which cells express leptin

A

white adipose cells

59
Q

What is the effect of leptin

A

Reduces appetite

60
Q

What is the function of peptide YY?

A

inhibits gastric motility and reduces appetite

61
Q

What is TSH level with underactive thyroid and why?

A

Elevated due to lack of -FB from T3/4 from thryoid gland

62
Q

Which 2 classes of hormones are water soluble?

A

Peptide and amine derived

63
Q

What are the properties of lipid soluble hormones?

A

Travel blood protein bound
Diffuse through lipid bilayer
Slow clearance
Long half life

Endocrine (7 decks)

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