Endocrine

Question 1

Define endocrinology

Answer 1

The study of hormones, their receptor, intracellular signalling pathways and their diseases

Question 2

Define endocrine w examples

Answer 2

Glands release their secretions ductlessly and dirctley into the bloodstream
B cells of pancrease, thyroid, adrenal gland

Question 3

Define exocrine w examples

Answer 3

Glands pour its secretions through a duct into site of action
Pancrease- amylase, lipase`

Question 4

What is endocrine action?

Answer 4

action of a substance on cells of a distant site, travels through blood

Question 5

What is paracrine action?

Answer 5

Action of a substance on an adjacent cell from which it was secreted from

Question 6

What is autocrine action?

Answer 6

Feedback on the same cell that secreted the hormone- acts on itself

Question 7

Do hormones affect neural tissue?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

Give examples of peptide hormones

Answer 8

Insulin
Glucagon
Corticotrophins
Growt

Question 9

Which 2 classes of hormones are water soluble?

Answer 9

Peptide and monoamines

Question 10

What are the properties of lipid soluble hormones?

Answer 10

Travel blood protein bound
Diffuse through lipid bilayer
Slow clearance
Long half life

Question 11

What are the properties of water soluble hormones?

Answer 11

Travel dissolved in blood
Attach onto specific cell surface receptor
Short half life
Fast clearance

Question 12

Compare the transport of water and lipid soluble hormones

Answer 12

Water- travel unbound- dissolved in blood
Fat - Travel bound w proteins

Question 13

Compare the entry into cells of fat and water soluble hormones

Answer 13

Water- attach onto a specific receptor
Fat- diffuse into cell through CSM

Question 14

Compare the half-life and clearance of water and fat soluble hormones

Answer 14

Water- small half-life and quick clearance
Fat- long half-life and slow clearance

Question 15

Which classes of hormones are water soluble?

Answer 15

Peptides (cck, anp, insulin)
Monoamines (adrenaline)

Question 16

Which classes of hormones are lipid soluble?

Answer 16

Steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 17

Give examples of fat-soluble + steroid hormones hormones

Answer 17

Steroids - cortisol, testosterone, oestrogen, aldosterone
Fat soluble- thyroid hormones

Question 18

Name 4 different classes of hormones

Answer 18

Peptides, amines, iodothyronines, cholestrerol derivatives and steroids

Question 19

Give examples of steroid hormones

Answer 19

Testosterone (androgen)
Oestrogen
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Progesterone

Question 20

Give examples of peptide hormones

Answer 20

ADH
LH / FSH
GH
Prolactin

Question 21

Gve 3 examples of amine based hormones

Answer 21

dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

Question 22

What is needed to convert norepinephrine to epinephrine

Answer 22

cortisol

Question 23

What are the effects of alpha adrenoreceptor activation

Answer 23

vasoconstriction
bowel muscle contraction
sweating
anxiety
pupil dilation

Question 24

What are the effects of beta adrenoreceptor activation?

Answer 24

vasodilation
incr. heart rate, force of muscle contractility
relaxation of bronchial and visceral smooth muscle

Question 25

Are iodothyronine hormone protein bound?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

Which thyroid hormone is more active?

Answer 26

T3

Question 27

Which hormones bind to cell membrane receptors?

Answer 27

Peptide- insulin

Question 28

Which hormone class binds to cytoplasm receptors

Answer 28

steroids- glucocotricoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens (testosterone), progesterone

Question 29

Where do thyroid hormones bind to

Answer 29

nuclear receptors (vit d, oestrogen, thyroid hormones)

Question 30

Circadian rhythm controls which hormones?

Answer 30

ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, GH

Question 31

Which hormone inhibits prolactin?

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

Name a hormone that has continuous release

Answer 32

prolactin

Question 33

Name a hormone which has a pulsatile release

Answer 33

insulin/ growth hormone

Question 34

Give an example of hormone synergism

Answer 34

glucagon with adrenaline- both released in hypoglycaemia to increase blood glucose

Question 35

Give an example of hormone antagonism

Answer 35

glucagon and insulin

Question 36

What is the effect of hormone metabolism on hormone function?

Answer 36

reduces function

Question 37

What are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 37

ADH and oxytocin

Question 38

What receptors do hypothalamic and pituitary hormones bind to?

Answer 38

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 39

What type of tissue makes up the anterior pituitary?

Answer 39

Glandular

Question 40

What is the arterial blood supply to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 40

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal veins

Question 41

What type of tissue and main cell type makes up the posterior pituitary?

Answer 41

Nerve tissue with glial cells

Question 42

Where are post. pit. hormone produced and stored

Answer 42

produced- hypothalamus stored PP

Question 43

What is the action of ADH

Answer 43

water retention in collecting ducts- maintain blood volume via acting on principle cells

Question 44

Which factors stimulate the secretion of ADH?

Answer 44

decr. blood volume, nausea and vomiting, stress, incr. osmolality incr. blood co2 decr. blood o2

Question 45

What are the main 2 functions of oxytocin

Answer 45

ejection of milk during breast-feeding stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labour

Question 46

What class of hormones do anterior pit. secrete

Answer 46

6 main peptide hormones

Question 47

Name 6 main hormones ant. pit. secrete

Answer 47

1. growth hormone 2. lutenising hormone 3. follicle stimulating hormone 4. thyroid stimulating hormone 5. prolactin 6. adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 48

Where does ant. pit recieve arteial blood supply from

Answer 48

portal venous circulation - hypothalamo-hypophseal portal veins

Question 49

Function of growth hormone

Answer 49

stimulates growth and proteinsynthesis fat and carb metabolism gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Question 50

Function of ACTH

Answer 50

Acts on adrenal gland to secrete - adrenaline from adrenal medulla - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) from zona granulosa - glucocorticoids (cortisol) from zona fasciulata - androgens from zona reticularis

Question 51

What are the effects of cortisol?

Answer 51

inhibits insulin, stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis immunosuppressant anti-inflam effects incr cardiac output

Question 52

Effect of TSH

Answer 52

stimulates the release of thyroid hormone to incr. metabolism cardiac output and rate food metabolism protein synthesis

Question 53

What inhibts growth hormone

Answer 53

somatostatin

Question 54

Presentation points of pit. tumour causing pressure on local strutures

Answer 54

- CSF leak - Can cause hydrocephalus - Bitemporal hemianopia from pressing on optic chiasm

Question 55

Effects of hyperpituitarism- increased secretion of pit hormone

Answer 55

acromegaly- inc. GH prolactinoma - inc. prolactin cushings disease- incr. cortisol

Question 56

What is the definition of hunger

Answer 56

need to eat food

Question 57

What is the definition of appetite?

Answer 57

Desire to eat food

Question 58

Which cells express leptin

Answer 58

white adipose cells

Question 59

What is the effect of leptin

Answer 59

Reduces appetite

Question 60

What is the function of peptide YY?

Answer 60

inhibits gastric motility and reduces appetite

Question 61

What is TSH level with underactive thyroid and why?

Answer 61

Elevated due to lack of -FB from T3/4 from thryoid gland

Question 62

Which 2 classes of hormones are water soluble?

Answer 62

Peptide and amine derived

Question 63

What are the properties of lipid soluble hormones?

Answer 63

Travel blood protein bound Diffuse through lipid bilayer Slow clearance Long half life