Endocrine Flashcards
what are the major glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenals
Ovaries/Testes
Pineal Gland
What is a specific cell with specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones
target cells
Why does TSH bind to receptos on cells of the thyroid gland but not to the cells of ovaries
because ovarian cells do not have TSH receptors
What are the lipid soluble hormones
steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
nitric oxide
what are water soluble hormones
amino acids:
Short chain- Antidiuretic hormone
Long Chain - Insulin
how do hormones influence their target cells
by chemically binding to specific protein receptors
what is the master gland of the body because it regulates the activity of endocrine glands
pituitary gland
what is the stalk like structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
what is the blood vessels of the infundibulum called
hypophyseal portal veins which connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary and carries hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
what is a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones
tropic hormones
what hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of Insulinlike Growth Factors (IGF’s)
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
What stimulates protein synthesis, helps maintain muscle and bone mass and promote healing of injury and tissue repair
Insulinlike growth factor
What stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What initiates the development of ovarian follicles and stimulates follicular cells to excrete estrogen
Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)
What triggers ovulation in females and stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Where is ACTH secreted from
The anterior pituitary
What hormone causes construction of arterials thus causing an increase in blood pressure
Antidiruretic hormone (ADH)
Follicular cells produce which two thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Where is T3/T4 produced
Follicular cells of the thyroid
What stimulates protein synthesis, increases the use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP production, increase triglyceride breakdown and reduce cholesterol
Thyroid hormones
Which also play an important role in maintenance of normal body temperature
What hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin (CT)
What is within the parathyroid glands that release parathyroid hormone
Secretory cells called CHIEF CELLS
What promotes the formation of calcitrol (active form of vitamin D) which acts in the gut to instead the rate of calcium, magnesium and phosphate absorption from food into the blood
Parathyroid hormone
Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete what and is stimulated from where
Secretes glucagon
Stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Beta cells in the pancreatic islets secrete what and is stimulated from where
secretes insulin
stimulated by the parasympathetic division of the ANS
what conditions initiate the renin-angiotensis-aldosterone pathway
dehydration
sodium deficiency
hemorrhage
in the adrenal cortex- zona fasciculata the most abundant glucocorticoid is cortisol, how does cortisol have anti-inflammatory effects
inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory response
what are the female sex hormones
estrogen
progesterone
what is a protein hormone that inhibits the secretion of FSH
inhibin
what produces testosterone, the primary androgen/ male sex hormone
the testes
what is a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline
the pineal gland
what is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland
melatonin
With age, what happens to human growth hormone
decreses- causing muscle atrophy
with age, what happens to the thyroid hormones
decreases - causing decreased metabolic rate, increased body fat and hypothyroidism
with age, what happens to the parathyroid hormone
rises - rise in PTH and fall in calcitonin decreases bone mass
with age, what happens with insulin production
releases more slowly - blood glucose levels will increase faster
pronlonged exposure to high levels of cortisol causes what
wasting of muscles
supression of immune system
ulceration of GI tract
Failure of the pancreatic beta cells
what is whipples triad
< 70 mg/dl glucose
altered mental status
signs and symptoms resolve with glucose elevation
where does ACTH come from
corticotropin-releasing hormone
what are two types of spontaneous hypoglycemia
fasting and postprandial
what glucose level shows impairment of brain function
50 mg/dl
what are symptoms of sympathomimetic hypoglycemia
anxiety
nervousness
irritability
nausea
vomiting
palpations
tremors
what are clinical finding of neuroglycopenic hypoglycemia
altered consciousness
lethargy
confusion
combative
agitation
unresponsive
what is the treatment for hypoglycemia
eat or drink glucose
glucagon if unable to eat/drink
50% dextrose 50-100mg IV
what are three stages of stress response
fight or flight
slower stress response
exhaustion
what is the fasting glucose in someone who is prediabetic
100-125 mg/dl
what could cause abnormal glucose values that may seem as though someone might be prediabetic
patient forgot to fast
well controlled type I or II
cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)
medications such as corticosteroids, antibiotics, beta blockers, psychiatric meds, HCTZ
Hyper thyroidism
what is the first line treatment for prediabetes
weight loss/ exercise