Endocrine Flashcards
Insulin
Organ: Pancreas
Cause: When blood glucose is high
Effect: Converts glucose to glycogen in body cells/liver (non target)
Body effect: Lowers blood glucose
Antagonist: Glucagon
Glucagon
Organ: Pancreas
Cause: Low blood glucose
Effect: Converts glycogen to glucose in liver
Body Effect: Increases blood glucose
Antagonist: Insulin
ADH
Organ: Posterior pituitary gland
Cause: By dehydration
Effect: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys
Body Effect: More water in blood
ACTH
Organ: Anterior pituitary
Cause: By hypothalamus/stress
Effect: Stimulates adrenal cortex
Body effect: Stimulates release of cortisol and aldosterone
PTH
Organ: Parathyroid gland
Cause: Low blood calcium
Effect: Takes calcium out of bones and puts it into blood
Body effect: Increased blood calcium
Antagonist: Calcitonin
Calcitonin
Organ: Thyroid gland
Cause: High blood calcium
Effect: Moves calcium from blood into bones
Body Effect lower blood calcium
Antagonist: PTH
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Organ: Adrenal medulla
Cause: Stimulated by medulla (sympathetic NS)
Effect: Goes to whole body, short term stress, converts glycogen into glucagon for extra energy
Body effect: Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood glucose
Aldosterone
Organ: Adrenal cortex
Cause: Low salt concentration in blood
Effect: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys by putting more sodium in blood
Body effect: Higher sodium in blood, more water in blood, higher blood pressure
Cortisol
Organ: Adrenal cortex
Cause: by ACTH, long term stress
Effect: converts proteins into glucose in liver/muscle cells
Body effect: Increased blood glucose
hGH
Organ: anterior pituitary
Cause: Stimulation from hypothalamus
Effect: Stimulates growth of bones and muscle cells, decreases fat by increasing metabolism
Body effect: Higher growth of bones, higher metabolism
Thyroxine
Organ: Thyroid
Cause: activation from TSH
Effect: Increases metabolism in body cells
Body Effect: Higher metabolism
TSH
Organ: Anterior pituitary
Cause: stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
Effect: Stimulates release of thyroxine
Body Effect: increased body metabolism
Thyroid Disorders
Goiters
Cause: Too little thyroxine produced leads to overproduction of TSH, overstimulated thyroid
Symptoms: Enlarged thyroid, low thyroxine
Treatment: Iodine
Hypothyroidism
Cause: Too little thyroxine produced, malfunctioning thyroid
Symptoms: Lethargy, weight gain
Hyperthyroidism
Cause: too much thyroxine produced, lack of negative feedback
Symptoms: High Body Temp, Increased weight loss
Treatment:
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1
Cause: Body doesn’t produce enough insulin
Symptoms: High blood sugar, glucose in urine
Treatment: Injecting insulin
Type 2
Cause: body doesn’t respond to insulin
Symptoms: same as type 1
Treatment: diet and exercise
Diabetes Insipidus
Causes: Posterior pituitary doesn’t make enough ADH or kidney doesn’t respond to ADH
Symptoms: Excessive urine release (16L per day), low energy level
Water Balance
Organs: Kidneys, Adrenal Cortex, Posterior Pituitary, Anterior Pituitary, Hypothalamus
Hormones: ADH, Aldosterone, ACTH
Effect: ADH increases water levels in blood by increasing water reabsorption in kidneys, Aldosterone increases water levels by increasing sodium level in blood which causes water to follow.
Blood Sugar Balance
Organs: Hypothalamus, Pancreas, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla, Anterior Pituitary
Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, ACTH, Cortisol
Effect: Insulin decreases blood sugar level by (glucose to glycogen), glucagon increases blood sugar level (glycogen to glucose), epinephrine increases blood sugar
Blood Pressure Balance
Organs: Hypothalamus, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenal Cortex, Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary
Hormones: ACTH, Epinephrine, Aldosterone, ADH
Effect: Epinephrine is non-target and increases blood pressure in response to short term stress. Aldosterone increases blood sodium concentration in response to low blood sodium levels which brings water into blood which increases the blood pressure. ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys in response to dehydration which brings water into the blood which increases blood pressure.
Metabolism
Organs: Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Thyroid
Hormones: TRH, TSH, Thyroxine
Effect: Thyroxine increases metabolism and is restricted by negative feedback.
Calcium Balance
Organ: Hypothalamus, Parathyroid, Thyroid
Hormones: Calcitonin, PTH
Effect: Hypothalamus detects low Ca level in blood, releases PTH, takes calcium from bones to blood. Detects high Ca level in blood, releases calcitonin, puts calcium from blood to bones.
Short Term Stress
Organs: Hypothalamus, Adrenal Medulla, Medulla
Hormones: Epinephrine
Effect: Neurological response in sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and converts glycogen into glucose
long term stress
Organs: Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Adrenal Cortex
Hormones: ACTH, Cortisol, Aldosterone
Effect: ACTH is released in response to stress, causes release of cortisol and aldosterone in adrenal cortex, cortisol causes breakdown of amino acids in liver and body cells, aldosterone increases sodium level in blood which increases blood pressure.
Hypothalamus
Monitor of the body, detects whether something is above of below level of homeostasis
Pituitary Gland
Releases tropic hormones and ADH, right below the hypothalamus
