Endocrine

Question 1

Insulin

Answer 1

Organ: Pancreas
Cause: When blood glucose is high
Effect: Converts glucose to glycogen in body cells/liver (non target)
Body effect: Lowers blood glucose
Antagonist: Glucagon

Question 2

Glucagon

Answer 2

Organ: Pancreas
Cause: Low blood glucose
Effect: Converts glycogen to glucose in liver
Body Effect: Increases blood glucose
Antagonist: Insulin

Question 3

ADH

Answer 3

Organ: Posterior pituitary gland
Cause: By dehydration
Effect: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys
Body Effect: More water in blood

Question 4

ACTH

Answer 4

Organ: Anterior pituitary
Cause: By hypothalamus/stress
Effect: Stimulates adrenal cortex
Body effect: Stimulates release of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 5

PTH

Answer 5

Organ: Parathyroid gland
Cause: Low blood calcium
Effect: Takes calcium out of bones and puts it into blood
Body effect: Increased blood calcium
Antagonist: Calcitonin

Question 6

Calcitonin

Answer 6

Organ: Thyroid gland
Cause: High blood calcium
Effect: Moves calcium from blood into bones
Body Effect lower blood calcium
Antagonist: PTH

Question 7

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Answer 7

Organ: Adrenal medulla
Cause: Stimulated by medulla (sympathetic NS)
Effect: Goes to whole body, short term stress, converts glycogen into glucagon for extra energy
Body effect: Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood glucose

Question 8

Aldosterone

Answer 8

Organ: Adrenal cortex
Cause: Low salt concentration in blood
Effect: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys by putting more sodium in blood
Body effect: Higher sodium in blood, more water in blood, higher blood pressure

Question 9

Cortisol

Answer 9

Organ: Adrenal cortex
Cause: by ACTH, long term stress
Effect: converts proteins into glucose in liver/muscle cells
Body effect: Increased blood glucose

Question 10

hGH

Answer 10

Organ: anterior pituitary
Cause: Stimulation from hypothalamus
Effect: Stimulates growth of bones and muscle cells, decreases fat by increasing metabolism
Body effect: Higher growth of bones, higher metabolism

Question 11

Thyroxine

Answer 11

Organ: Thyroid
Cause: activation from TSH
Effect: Increases metabolism in body cells
Body Effect: Higher metabolism

Question 12

TSH

Answer 12

Organ: Anterior pituitary
Cause: stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
Effect: Stimulates release of thyroxine
Body Effect: increased body metabolism

Question 13

Thyroid Disorders

Answer 13

Goiters
Cause: Too little thyroxine produced leads to overproduction of TSH, overstimulated thyroid
Symptoms: Enlarged thyroid, low thyroxine
Treatment: Iodine

Hypothyroidism
Cause: Too little thyroxine produced, malfunctioning thyroid
Symptoms: Lethargy, weight gain

Hyperthyroidism
Cause: too much thyroxine produced, lack of negative feedback
Symptoms: High Body Temp, Increased weight loss
Treatment:

Question 14

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 14

Type 1
Cause: Body doesn’t produce enough insulin
Symptoms: High blood sugar, glucose in urine
Treatment: Injecting insulin

Type 2
Cause: body doesn’t respond to insulin
Symptoms: same as type 1
Treatment: diet and exercise

Question 15

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 15

Causes: Posterior pituitary doesn’t make enough ADH or kidney doesn’t respond to ADH
Symptoms: Excessive urine release (16L per day), low energy level

Question 16

Water Balance

Answer 16

Organs: Kidneys, Adrenal Cortex, Posterior Pituitary, Anterior Pituitary, Hypothalamus

Hormones: ADH, Aldosterone, ACTH

Effect: ADH increases water levels in blood by increasing water reabsorption in kidneys, Aldosterone increases water levels by increasing sodium level in blood which causes water to follow.

Question 17

Blood Sugar Balance

Answer 17

Organs: Hypothalamus, Pancreas, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla, Anterior Pituitary

Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, ACTH, Cortisol

Effect: Insulin decreases blood sugar level by (glucose to glycogen), glucagon increases blood sugar level (glycogen to glucose), epinephrine increases blood sugar

Question 18

Blood Pressure Balance

Answer 18

Organs: Hypothalamus, Adrenal Medulla, Adrenal Cortex, Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary

Hormones: ACTH, Epinephrine, Aldosterone, ADH

Effect: Epinephrine is non-target and increases blood pressure in response to short term stress. Aldosterone increases blood sodium concentration in response to low blood sodium levels which brings water into blood which increases the blood pressure. ADH increases water reabsorption in kidneys in response to dehydration which brings water into the blood which increases blood pressure.

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

Organs: Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Thyroid

Hormones: TRH, TSH, Thyroxine

Effect: Thyroxine increases metabolism and is restricted by negative feedback.

Question 20

Calcium Balance

Answer 20

Organ: Hypothalamus, Parathyroid, Thyroid

Hormones: Calcitonin, PTH

Effect: Hypothalamus detects low Ca level in blood, releases PTH, takes calcium from bones to blood. Detects high Ca level in blood, releases calcitonin, puts calcium from blood to bones.

Question 21

Short Term Stress

Answer 21

Organs: Hypothalamus, Adrenal Medulla, Medulla

Hormones: Epinephrine

Effect: Neurological response in sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and converts glycogen into glucose

Question 22

long term stress

Answer 22

Organs: Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Adrenal Cortex

Hormones: ACTH, Cortisol, Aldosterone

Effect: ACTH is released in response to stress, causes release of cortisol and aldosterone in adrenal cortex, cortisol causes breakdown of amino acids in liver and body cells, aldosterone increases sodium level in blood which increases blood pressure.

Question 23

Hypothalamus

Answer 23

Monitor of the body, detects whether something is above of below level of homeostasis

Question 24

Pituitary Gland

Answer 24

Releases tropic hormones and ADH, right below the hypothalamus