Endocrine

Question 1

What is considered both an endocrine AND exocrine gland?

Answer 1

Pancreas

Question 2

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 2

Abdomen, behind the stomach (LUQ)

Question 3

What percent of the pancreas is made up of the Islets of Langerhans?

Answer 3

1 % (Islets of Langerhans, endocrine)

The exocrine (I-acini) makes up 99% of the pancreas.

Question 4

As an endocrine gland, what is the main function of the pancreas?

Answer 4

To regulate blood sugar levels via Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin

Question 5

What do exocrine glands do?

Answer 5

• Secrete their products/hormones into ducts (not the bloodstream)
• Excretes chemicals for elimination

Question 6

Examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 6

• Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
• Salivary glands
• Liver

Question 7

What do endocrine glands do?

Answer 7

• Secretes/releases hormones into bloodstream
• Hormones are then carried to “target areas” through the bloodstream
• Hormones tell body to start/stop doing something

Question 8

Examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 8

• Pineal gland
• Pituitary gland
• Ovaries/testes

Question 9

How does the endocrine system regulate itself?

Answer 9

• Negative feedback loop
  Ex: fight or flight response

Stress > stimulates SNS > adrenal medulla sends epi into bloodstream
Stress stops > decreased SNS stimulation > decreased epi into bloodstream

Question 10

What role do cells play in the endocrine system?

Answer 10

• Act as targets for several hormones

- Contain multiple receptors

Question 11

Agonist vs Antagonist? (Cells)

Answer 11

Agonists:

• Molecule that binds and triggers a response
• Produces a response afterwards

Antagonists:

• Binds to a cell and blocks that action of agonists
• Widely used as drugs

Question 12

What is the “master gland”?

Answer 12

• Pituitary gland
• It controls and regulates the secretions of many other endocrine glands
• Located at the base of the brain, behind the nose

Question 13

What hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland?

Answer 13

• Prolactin
• Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Oxytocin
• Growth Hormone (GH)

Mnemonic: Please Actually Listen To All Females Orgasming Guys

Question 14

What does the Thyroid gland do?

Answer 14

• Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body
• Secretes Thyroxine (major metabolic hormone that stimulates energy production in cells)
• Butterfly shaped organ found at the front of the neck, below adam’s apple

Question 15

What does the Parathyroid gland do?

Answer 15

• Assists in the regulation of calcium

- 4 tiny glands located in the neck - these control calcium levels in the body

Question 16

What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?

Answer 16

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 17

What does the Parathyroid Hormone do?

Answer 17

• Antagonist to calcitonin
• Secreted when blood levels are LOW
• Causes bone-dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium

Question 18

What are the two parts of the Adrenal Glands called?

Answer 18

• Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

- Both produce hormones

Question 19

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

Answer 19

Above the kidneys

Question 20

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Glands?

Answer 20

Catecholamines

Question 21

List all the catecholamines

Answer 21

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Aldosterone

Question 22

What is the “fight or flight” response?

Answer 22

• Secretion of SMALL amounts of NOREPINEPHRINE, LARGE amounts of EPINEPHRINE
• Norepinephrine raises BP via vasoconstriction, Epinephrine stimulates SNS
• Both increase O2 and glucose in blood. Faster circulation of blood to the brain, heart, and muscles occur as well.

Question 23

Glucagon (Islets of Langerhan continued)

Answer 23

• Produced by ALPHA cells
• STIMULATES THE LIVER TO CHANGE GLYCOGEN INTO SUGAR
• Raises glucose level when body’s blood glucose level is low

Question 24

Insulin (Islets of Langerhan continued)

Answer 24

• Produced by BETA cells
• Takes glucose and stores it as GLYCOGEN, fats, and proteins in the liver
• Removes glucose from blood
• Only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels

Question 25

Somatostatin (Islets of Langerhan continued)

Answer 25

• Produced by DELTA cells

- Inhibits the release of other hormons INCLUDING Glucagon AND Insulin

Question 26

Main source of sex hormones?

Answer 26

• Gonads
• Testes for male, ovaries for females
• Duh?????

Question 27

Glycogenolysis vs Glucogenesis

Answer 27

Glycogenolysis:
- Converts stored glycogen in the liver to glucose

Glucogenesis:

• Converts nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) into glucose molecules
• Increases the use of fats and amino acids (building blocks of proteins) for energy production