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Final Exam > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered both an endocrine AND exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Abdomen, behind the stomach (LUQ)

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3
Q

What percent of the pancreas is made up of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

1 % (Islets of Langerhans, endocrine)

The exocrine (I-acini) makes up 99% of the pancreas.

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4
Q

As an endocrine gland, what is the main function of the pancreas?

A

To regulate blood sugar levels via Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin

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5
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A
  • Secrete their products/hormones into ducts (not the bloodstream)
  • Excretes chemicals for elimination
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6
Q

Examples of exocrine glands?

A
  • Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
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7
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A
  • Secretes/releases hormones into bloodstream
  • Hormones are then carried to “target areas” through the bloodstream
  • Hormones tell body to start/stop doing something
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8
Q

Examples of endocrine glands?

A
  • Pineal gland
  • Pituitary gland
  • Ovaries/testes
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9
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate itself?

A
  • Negative feedback loop
    Ex: fight or flight response

Stress > stimulates SNS > adrenal medulla sends epi into bloodstream
Stress stops > decreased SNS stimulation > decreased epi into bloodstream

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10
Q

What role do cells play in the endocrine system?

A
  • Act as targets for several hormones

- Contain multiple receptors

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11
Q

Agonist vs Antagonist? (Cells)

A

Agonists:

  • Molecule that binds and triggers a response
  • Produces a response afterwards

Antagonists:

  • Binds to a cell and blocks that action of agonists
  • Widely used as drugs
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12
Q

What is the “master gland”?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • It controls and regulates the secretions of many other endocrine glands
  • Located at the base of the brain, behind the nose
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13
Q

What hormones are secreted from the pituitary gland?

A
  • Prolactin
  • Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Oxytocin
  • Growth Hormone (GH)

Mnemonic: Please Actually Listen To All Females Orgasming Guys

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14
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A
  • Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body
  • Secretes Thyroxine (major metabolic hormone that stimulates energy production in cells)
  • Butterfly shaped organ found at the front of the neck, below adam’s apple
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15
Q

What does the Parathyroid gland do?

A
  • Assists in the regulation of calcium

- 4 tiny glands located in the neck - these control calcium levels in the body

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16
Q

What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

17
Q

What does the Parathyroid Hormone do?

A
  • Antagonist to calcitonin
  • Secreted when blood levels are LOW
  • Causes bone-dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium
18
Q

What are the two parts of the Adrenal Glands called?

A
  • Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

- Both produce hormones

19
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

A

Above the kidneys

20
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Adrenal Glands?

A

Catecholamines

21
Q

List all the catecholamines

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • Aldosterone
22
Q

What is the “fight or flight” response?

A
  • Secretion of SMALL amounts of NOREPINEPHRINE, LARGE amounts of EPINEPHRINE
  • Norepinephrine raises BP via vasoconstriction, Epinephrine stimulates SNS
  • Both increase O2 and glucose in blood. Faster circulation of blood to the brain, heart, and muscles occur as well.
23
Q

Glucagon (Islets of Langerhan continued)

A
  • Produced by ALPHA cells
  • STIMULATES THE LIVER TO CHANGE GLYCOGEN INTO SUGAR
  • Raises glucose level when body’s blood glucose level is low
24
Q

Insulin (Islets of Langerhan continued)

A
  • Produced by BETA cells
  • Takes glucose and stores it as GLYCOGEN, fats, and proteins in the liver
  • Removes glucose from blood
  • Only hormone that decreases blood glucose levels
25
Q

Somatostatin (Islets of Langerhan continued)

A
  • Produced by DELTA cells

- Inhibits the release of other hormons INCLUDING Glucagon AND Insulin

26
Q

Main source of sex hormones?

A
  • Gonads
  • Testes for male, ovaries for females
  • Duh?????
27
Q

Glycogenolysis vs Glucogenesis

A

Glycogenolysis:
- Converts stored glycogen in the liver to glucose

Glucogenesis:

  • Converts nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) into glucose molecules
  • Increases the use of fats and amino acids (building blocks of proteins) for energy production

Final Exam (5 decks)

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