Endocarditis, Myocarditis, Pericarditis Flashcards

1
Q

what does the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream indicate?

A

there is a focus of infection elsewhere in the body

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2
Q

what staphylococcus species is the most likely to infect prosthetic material?

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

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3
Q

what is infective endocarditis?

A

infection of the endothelium of the heart valves

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4
Q

what are the 4 main classes of predisposing factors for infective endocarditis?

A

heart valve abnormality
prosthetic heart valve
IVDU
intravascular lines

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5
Q

what type of heart valve abnormalities predispose to infective endocarditis?

A

calcification/sclerosis of heart valves (in elderly)
congenital heart disease
post rheumatic fever

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6
Q

what is the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis?

A
  1. heart valve damaged
  2. turbulent blood flow over roughened endothelium
  3. platelets/fibrin depositis forming a thrombi
  4. bacteraemia (possibly transient)
  5. organisms settle in fibrin/platelet thrombi becoming a microbial vegetation
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7
Q

what is the most common side of the heart to be affected?

A

left side

mitral and aortic valves

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8
Q

what are the 4 main organisms causing endocarditis of native valves?

A

staphylococcus aureus
viridans streptococci
enterococcus sp
staphylococcus epidermidis

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9
Q

what are the 3 classes of unusual organisms that can cause endocarditis?

A

atypicals (eg chlamydia psittaci, coxiella burnetii)
gram-negatives
fungi

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10
Q

what is the presentation of acute endocarditis?

A

overwhelming sepsis and cardiac failure

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11
Q

what is the presentation of subacute endocarditis?

A
fever
malasie
weight loss
tiredness
breathlessness
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12
Q

what are the sings on examination of infective endocarditis?

A
Fever
Roth spots
Osler nodes
Murmur (new or changing)
Janeway lesions
Anaemia
Nail (splinter) haemorrhages
Emboli
\+ finger clubbing, splenomegaly
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13
Q

what can present in the urine of a patient with infective endocarditis?

A

(microscopic) haematuria

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14
Q

how do you diagnose infective endocarditis?

A

take 3 sets of blood cultures before antibiotics

echocardiogram

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15
Q

why must you take 3 sets of blood cultures for diagnosing infective endocarditis?

A

to ensure you haven’t just identified a contaminent

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16
Q

if you suspect infective endocarditis but all 3 blood cultures are negative what should you do?

A

consider serology for ‘atypical’ organisms

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of prosthetic valve endocarditis?

A

early

late

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18
Q

what is early prosthetic valve endocarditis?

A

infected at time of valve insertion

19
Q

what is late prosthetic valve endocarditis?

A

up to many years after valve insertion

20
Q

what are the main causative organisms of early prosthetic valve endocarditis?

A

staph epidermidis

staph aureus

21
Q

what are the causative organisms of late porsthetic valve endocarditis?

A

co-incidental bacteraemia

22
Q

what sided infective endocarditis to IVDUs usually get?

A

right sided

mainly tricuspid valve

23
Q

what is the usual causative organisms in a IVDU who has infective endocarditis?

A

staph aureus

24
Q

what does infective endocarditis in an IVDU often present as?

A

as staph aureus pneumonia

25
Q

what is the empirical treatment for native valve endocarditis infective endocarditis? (ie before microbiology results come back)

A

benzylpenicillin and gentamicin

IV

26
Q

what is the empirical treatment for prosthetic valve endocarditis? (ie before microbiology results come back)

A

vanomycin and gentamicin

IV

27
Q

what is the empirical treatment for drug use endocarditis? (ie before microbiology results come back)

A

flucloxacillin

IV

28
Q

what is the antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis where microbiology results show staph aureus (not MRSA) is the causative organism?

A

flucloxacillin IV

29
Q

what is the antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis where microbiology results show MRSA is the causative organism?

A

vancomycin and gentamicin

IV

30
Q

what is the antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis where microbiology results show viridans streptococci is the causative organism?

A

benzylpenicillin and gentamicin

IV

31
Q

what is the antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis where microbiology results show enterococcus sp is the causative organism?

A

amoxicillin/vancomycin and gentamicin

IV

32
Q

what is the antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis where microbiology results show staph epidermidis is the causative organism?

A

vancomycin and gentamicin

IV

33
Q

in regards to treatment for infective endocarditis, how long should antibiotics be given for?

A

4-6 weeks

34
Q

if antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis is failing what should you consider?

A

surgery

35
Q

what is myocarditis?

A

inflammation of cardiac muscle

36
Q

what are the symptoms of myocarditis?

A

fever
chest pain
SOB
palptations

37
Q

what are the signs of myocarditis?

A

pyrexial
arrythmia
cardiac failure

38
Q

what are the main causes of myocardiis?

A

enteroviruses- coxsackie A + B, echovirus

other eg influenza

39
Q

how is myocarditis diagnosed?

A

viral culture/PCR
throat swab + stool for enteroviruses
throat swab and serology for influenza

40
Q

what is the treatment of myocarditis?

A

supportive

41
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium

42
Q

what is the main feature of pericarditis?

A

chest pain

43
Q

what is the treatment of pericarditis?

A
  • supportive if viral cause

- antibiotics and drainage if bacterial cause

44
Q

what are the 2 main sequellae of infective endocarditis?

A

valvular heart disease

emboli