Endo - Week 1 - Diabetes

Question 1

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin action

Question 2

what is the aim of management for diabetes

Answer 2

normal glycaemia
good quality of life and normal life expectancy

Question 3

what is type 1 DM

Answer 3

absolute insulin deficiency 2° to T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing ß-cells.

Question 4

what is a normal fasting glucose

Answer 4

below or equal to 6

Question 5

what tests do you do to see if type 1 DM is due to autoimmune antibodies

Answer 5

GAD65, IA-2, ZnT8
and ICA - islet cell antibodies

Question 6

what are the 3 stages of T1DM

Answer 6

variable risk- genetics, environment
pre-symptomatic
symptomatic

Question 7

what are the 2 main types of complications of T1DM

Answer 7

microvascular - retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
macrovascular - stroke, MI, leg ulcers, HTN

Question 8

what is the half-life of insulin in circulation

Answer 8

6mins

Question 9

how do we measure the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas

Answer 9

c-peptide levels

Question 10

what is basal insulin

Answer 10

human
long acting - take every day
immediate acting - take BD

Question 11

what is prandial insulin

Answer 11

Analogues
rapid acting - duration 4-5hrs
short acting - up to 6hrs

Question 12

what are some adverse effects of insulin

Answer 12

hypoglycaemia
lumps at injection site
weight gain
insulin allergy
oedema