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Physiology - Endocrine > Endo - Testis & Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Endo - Testis & Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

In males, where does LH bind?

A

Leydig cells in testis.

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2
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

Produce testosterone.

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3
Q

In males, where does FSH bind?

A

Seminiferous tubules & Sertoli cells in testis.

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4
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules do?

A

Spermatozoa – produce sperm.

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5
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

Produces inhibin.

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6
Q

What does inhibin do in males?

A

Long loop negative feedback at anterior pituitary to stop FSH secretion (and stop sperm production).

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7
Q

What is the long loop negative feedback for LH?

A

Increased testosterone stimulates negative feedback in anterior pituitary.

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8
Q

How is testosterone transported?

A

Plasma proteins.

Some testosterone is free and unbound – can target androgen receptors and affect DNA / mRNA. Testosterone is a steroid hormone and is lipophilic.

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9
Q

What is 5’a-reductase?

A

Enzyme that changes testosterone to DHT (dihydrotestosterone).

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10
Q

What are the components of inhibin?

A

Alpha and Beta subunits bind and create inhibin.

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11
Q

What are the components of activin?

A

2 Beta subunits.

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12
Q

What does activin do?

A

Stimulates FSH secretion.

Usually located in pituitary cells to stimulate increase FSH. Not enough in blood stream.

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13
Q

What are the main secondary messengers of LH and FSH?

A

cAMP.

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14
Q

What does testosterone do in fetal development?

A

Development of:

  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
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15
Q

What does testosterone do in puberty?

A

Growth of:

  • Penis
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Musculature
  • Skeleton
  • Larynx
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16
Q

What does DHT do in fetal development?

A

Development of:

  • Penis
  • Penile urethra
  • Scrotum
  • Prostate
17
Q

What does DHT do in puberty?

A

Growth of:

  • Scrotum
  • Prostate
  • Sexual hair
  • Sebaceous glands (acne)
18
Q

Why is there testosterone in utero at first?

A

hcG from placenta binds LH receptors to develop testosterone.

19
Q

Why is testosterone important in utero?

A

Participates in future gender identification and future gender preference of the individual.

20
Q

Why is testosterone needed at birth in male infants?

A

To cause descent of testis into scrotum. Need change in temperature to do this.

21
Q

What is testosterone’s main role in puberty?

A

Growth of male genitalia.

22
Q

What are the roles of GABA and glutamate in sex hormones?

A 
GABA = inhibits GnRH
glutamate = increases GnRH
23
Q

In puberty, what are the levels of GABA and glutamate?

A

High glutamate.

Low GABA.

24
Q

When does testosterone start to decrease after adulthood?

A

6th decade of life – Senescence.

25
Q

What is Kallman Syndrome?

A

Hypogonadism.

Symptoms - female features, round hips, small shoulders, small testis, scrotum, and muscles.

Cause -

1) . GnRH neurons do not migrate = not functional
2) . GnRH has deficient tracks from the olfactory bulb.

Embryology – GnRH neurons start on olfactory nerve & bulb and migrate to place in hypothalamus.

26
Q

What is the treatment of Kallman Syndrome?

A

Give testosterone.

27
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Hypergonadotropism. Premature increase in GnRH, LH, FSH.

Growth of scrotum, testis, and pubic hair.

28
Q

What is the treatment of precocious puberty?

A

GnRH super agonist analogues.

29
Q

What is Testicular Feminization? (Androgen Resistance / Insensitivity)

A

Have testosterone but no androgen receptors. Therefore, cannot respond to testosterone. Fat cell aromatase convert androgens to estrogen.

Symptoms - develop female appearance, breasts, vagina, but no ovaries / uterus. Still have testis undescended.

30
Q

What is the Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone?

A

Eliminates embriological development of female reproductive structures internally in Testicular Feminization.

Physiology - Endocrine (4 decks)

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