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Human Diseases > Endo pathologies > Flashcards

Endo pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary

A 
prolactinoma
acromegaly
gigantism
corticotropic pituitary adenoma
hypopituitarism
diabetes insipidus
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2
Q

thyroid

A 
graves disease
hasimotos thyroiditis
endemic hypothryoidism 
cretinism
myxoedema
hyperthyroidism 
hypothryroidism
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3
Q

adrenal

A

pheochromocytonoma
cushings syndrome
CAH
addisons

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4
Q

parathyroid

A

hyperparathyroidism

osteoporosis

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5
Q

disorders of anterior pituitary

A

over stimulation
under stimulation
flat pig

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6
Q

Hypothalamic central diabetes insipidus

A

disorders of posterior pituitary

deficiency in vasopressin secretion

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7
Q

Hypothalamic central diabetes insipidus causes

A

head trauma
infections
tumours
dehydration

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8
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

disorders of posterior pituitary

kidney is insensitive to vasopressin

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9
Q

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus causes

A

renal disease
mutations in vasopressin receptor gene
mutations in gene encoding aquaporin 2

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10
Q

how common are pituitary tumours

A 
1 in 4 can get pituitary microadenoma (usually benign)
4700 diagnosed a year in UK
12% of all brain tumours
found in young/ middle-aged
found through routine autopsies
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11
Q

signs and symptoms of pituitary tumours caused by

A

change in circulating pituitary hormone levels

direct pressure from tumour

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12
Q

micro-adenoma

A

<1cm

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13
Q

Macro-adenoma

A

> 1cm

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14
Q

pituitary tumours

A

secreting or non-secreting
usually benign
can cause hypopituitarism which is a reduction in hormone secretion

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15
Q

secreting tumours release an excess of

A 
PRL - most common
GH
ACTH
FSH/ LH
TSH - least common
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16
Q

prolactinomas

A

most common type of secreting tumour
from lactotrophs
usually more common in females (periods stop)
can cause inferitility in males and females

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17
Q

adenomas of the pituitary somatotropes

A

excess GH leads to gigantism in children or acromegaly in young adults

differences due to fusion of growth plates that will stop long bones from growing and cause the symptoms of acromegaly and stop gigantism

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18
Q

what is acromegaly

A

over-secretion of growth hormone in an adult

GH oversecretion persists after bone fusion ends

19
Q

acromegaly symptoms

A

enlargement of the head, hands, lips, jaw, tongue and feet

excessive sweating, headaches, visual loss

20
Q

corticotropic adenomas of the pituitary

A

micro-adenoma

excess production of ACTH leads to Cushing’s

ACTH works on the adrenal gland to release cortisol

produce excessive amount of POMC gene such as MSH and endorphins

21
Q

symptoms of Cushing’s

A

hyperglycaemia

loss of muscle mass

thin limbs

fat storage in abdomen, face and shoulders

osteoporosis

sodium and fluid retention due to excess aldosterone

orange skin pigmentation

22
Q

signs and features of cushing’s

A

moon face
red cheeks
truncal obesity
abdominal striae

23
Q

gonadotropic adenomas

A

6% of pituitary tumours

large tumours and associated with local pressure and mass effects

24
Q

gonadotropic adenomas in MEN

A

rise in FSH

little or no change in LH

25
Q

gonadotropic adenomas in WOMEN

A

neither FSH or LH raised

hard to treat

26
Q

diagnosis of pituitary tumours

A 
non-secreting effects vision
secreting depends on what hormone is being released
optical test
blood test
urine samples
CT scan
MRI
PET scan
27
Q

CT scan

A

not preferred as they cant detect macroadenomas due to low resolution

28
Q

MRI

A

radio waves
builds cross-section of the brain
sensitive enough to find tumours that are >3mm

29
Q
  1. Observation (managing a pituitary tumour)
A

repeat MRI

monitor hormone function if not compressing optic nerve

30
Q
  1. Dopamine receptor antagonists (managing a pituitary tumour)
A 
bromocriptione
cabergoline 
prolactinoma inhibits PRL secretion
after treatment levels return to normal after 8 weeks 
growth of tumour arrested or reversed
31
Q
  1. Somatostatin analogues (managing a pituitary tumour)
A

octreotide
lanreotide
adenoma of somatotrophs
inhibit GH secretions

32
Q
  1. Irradition of tumour (managing a pituitary tumour)
A

more common post surgery

33
Q
  1. Surgey (managing a pituitary tumour)
A

transsphenoidal surgery
Herman Schoffler conducted it but patient only survived 10 weeks
Harvey Cushing - an oral incision and submucosal resection of the septum (7.5% death rate)
called transfrontal surgery

34
Q

goitre

A

enlargement of thyroid gland from HYPER and HYPO

35
Q

autoimmune thyroid disease

A

Grave’s disease- hyper

hashimotos thryoiditis - hypo

36
Q

graves disease

A 
autoantibodies
thyroid stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb)
binds to TSH receptor 
interacts with binding domain
mimics TSH 
increases thyroxine
37
Q

negative feedback of graves disease

A

shuts off TSH production in the anterior pituitary
thyroid gland continues function as TSAb synthesis is not suppressed
hyperthyroidism

38
Q

signs and symptoms of graves

A 
weight loss
hyperactivity
sweaty
warm skin 
large appetite 
intolerance to heat
39
Q

treatment for graves

A

thionamide drugs - block T4 synthesis by inhibiting TPO enzyme which reduces amount of T3 made

surgery to remove thyroid gland and take replacement T4 tablets

radioactive iodide

40
Q

thionamide drugs

A

carbimazole

methimazole

41
Q

hypothyroidism

A

thyroid failure
autoimmune destruction (hashimotos)
diet insufficient
peripheral cells cannot convert T4 to T3

42
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
dry, cool skin
intolerance to cold
hair loss
decreased metabolic rate 
increased weight
43
Q

hypothyroidism can lead to endemic iodine deficiency

A

lack of iodine in diet
ingestion of goitrogens
cretinism of newborn

Human Diseases (3 decks)

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