Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Exam 2 > Endo from Mace > Flashcards

Endo from Mace Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A

Regulates blood composition and blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the endocrine system affect reproductive activity?

A

Affects development and function as well as behavior

Embryonic cell division and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the endocrine system affect growth and metabolism?

A

Influences catabolism and anabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Regulates secretory processes and movement in the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Humoral vs Nueral vs Hormonal

A
  • Humoral - a molecule affects changes in the endocrine system - ie calcium affects PTH
  • Neural - nerves can stimulate glands such as the adrenal gland to release catecholamines
  • Hormonal - hormones cause or stimulate glands or rlease of another hormone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine glands vs Exocrine glands. What are endocrine gland “reflexes”

A
  • Exocrine glands, don’t require a receptor, and usualy use ducts
  • Endocrine glands
    • Hormonal stimulation –> tropic
      • regulation - negative feedback
    • neural stimulation
      • action potential
    • humoral stimulation
      • particle concentration in the blood.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the steroid hormones, and what are their characteristics?

A
  • Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, formed by cholesterol, and produced by the gonads and the adrenal cortex
  • Examples
    • Estrogens,
    • progesterones
    • cortisol
    • aldosterone
    • androgens
    • calcitriol
    • corticosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the peptide hormones, and what are their characteristics?

A
  • Peptide hormones are water soluble,
  • Consist of amino acid chains and are divided into three subtypes
  • Polypeptides
    • insulin, glucagon
  • oligopeptides
    • ADH, oxytocin
  • Glycopeptides
    • FSH, TSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the biogenic amines, what are their characteristics?

A
  • Also water soluble, except for TH
  • Derived from an amino acid such as tyrosine (cyclic shape)
  • Monoamines
    • dopamine
    • norepinephrine
    • epinephrine
    • melatonin
    • Thyroid hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesized?

A

Derivatives of cholesterol, side chain modification - Hydroxylation or aromatizatoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peptide hormone synthesis

A
  1. DNA (Nucleus)
  2. mRNA(ribosomes)
  3. preprohormone (ER)
  4. prohormone (golgi)
  5. hormone, - secretory vesicle storage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are “local hormones”. Two acting mechanisms? Main group?

A

Hormones not ciruclated in the blood

  • they act on releasing cell (autocrine)
  • neighboring cells (paracrine)
  • Main group
    • eicosanoids, which are derived from arachidonic acid created in the membrane lipid
      *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the eicosanoids? What blocks them?

A

All derived from arachnidonic acid, then become prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

  • Steroids prevent the production of arachidonic acid
  • NSAIDs prevent the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, but keep leukotrienes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water soluble hormone action path 1

A
  1. Hormone binds to a receptor and changes a g protein.
    1. This activates a g protein (GDP->GTP)
  2. Activated g protein travels to adenylate cyclase
  3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

water soluble hormone path 2

A
  1. An activated G protein acts on phospholipase C
  2. Phospholipase C has two effects
    1. Stimulates DAG to activate protein kinase C
    2. Coverts PIP2 into IP3
  3. Protein kinase C activates all proteins downstream
  4. IP3 goes to the endoplasmic reticulum and causes the release of calcium.
  5. Calcium released binds to calmodulin. Calmodulin then can activate portein kinase enzymes. Calcium itself can also activate protein kinase enzymes. Calcium can also bind to ion channels and cause opening and closing of ion channels to regulate ions in/out of the cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein vs Steroid hormone

A
  • Amino acid vs cholesterol
  • extracellular vs intracellular
  • 2nd messenger: regulating existing enzymes vs influencing gene expression and creation of new enzymes
  • fast (protiein), slow (steroid)
  • temporary, vs more permanent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does target cell response vary by?

A
  • # of receptors up or down regulated by target cell
    • cells upregulate in response to reduced hormone concentratoins in the blood
    • cells down regulate in response to elevated cocentration in the blood
  • # of circulating hormones
  • half life of hormone
  • stength of hormone receptor binding.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 types of effects endocrine can have?

A
  • Synergistic -
    • more than additive
    • epinephrine and glucagon
  • permissive
    • receptor number influenced or increased expression
    • TH and epi
  • Antagonistic
    • most are humoraly regulated
    • insulin/glucagon.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also called? What does it release/create?

A
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Stores and releases oxytocin/ADH created by the hypothalamus.
  • Via the hypothalamohypophyseal TRACT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the anterior pituitary called? what is its connection to the hypothalamus?

A

Adenohypophysis

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A
  • TSH, –> thyroid
  • PRL –> mammary gland
  • FSH & LH –> testis and ovary
  • ACTH –> adrenal glands
  • GH –> bone, muscle, liver, adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parafollicular vs follicular cells?

A
  • Parafollicular - also called C cells - primary function of these cells is to secrete calcitonin. They are adjascent to the thyroid follicles and reside in connective tissue.
  • follicular - major type of cell in the thyroid gland, and responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones t 4 and t 3
22
Q

T4 contains how many iodine atoms, T3 contains how many? what happens at the tissues?

A

T4- 4 iodine

T3- 3 iodine

30-50% of T4 is converted to T3 at the tissues. Permissive effects - necessary for normal functioning of organ systems.

23
Q

What is the blood supply of the adrenal glands? cortex and medulla?

A

Blood supply form the celiac trunk, phrenic artery, and inferior suprarenal artery

24
Q

Layers of the adrenal gland

A

Capsule –> supraadrenal cortex (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) –> medulla

25
Q

Adrenal Medulla - what does it produce? How is it stimulated?

A
  • this is neural tissue, (chromaffin cells) - they are stimulated by the fight or flight response (sympathetic nervous sytem)
  • Release epinephrine and norepinephrine as hormones
    • catecholamines = monoamines = biogenic amines
26
Q

adrenal cortex - 3 layers, what do they each create?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa –> mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone
    • target organ: Primarily kidneys
    • effect: reabsorb Na+ and water, works to excrete K+ and H+
  • Zona fasciculata –> glucocorticoids such as cortisol
    • target organ: liver, muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas
    • effect:
      • liver -> gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis stimulated. decrease glycogenesis
      • adipose - increase lipolysis, decrease lipogenesis
      • all cells - stimulate protein catabolism, decrease glucose uptake
      • High doses increase retention of Na+ and H20, decrease inflammation, suppress the immune system, and inhibit connective tissue repair.
  • Zona reticularis –> gonadocorticoids (mostly androgens) DHEA
    • target organ: sex organs, effects: stimulate creation of sex hormones
      *
27
Q

Parathyroid gland regulates what?

A

Blood calcium via release of PTH.

28
Q

How is vitamin D activated?

A
  1. UV light converts precursor molecule in blood to vitamin D3
    1. Vitamin D3 is also termed cholecalciferol
      1. can also be absorbed from small intestines from the diet
      2. major source is milk
  2. vitamin d3 circulates through the body
    1. converted to calcidiol in the liver by liver enzymes
    2. occurs via addition of OH group
    3. both steps 1 and two occur continuously with limited regulation
  3. Calcidiol circulates in the blood
    1. converted into calcitriol in the kidney
    2. another oh group is added
    3. becomes active form of vitamin d
    4. presence of PTH increases the rate of this step
    5. more calcitriol formed when PTH is present.
  4. calcitriol works with PTH to increase calcium in the blood.
29
Q

Are the ovaries an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

They are both,

Hormone secretion varies during cycle

30
Q

Hormones of the ovaries.

A
  • Hormone secretion varies during cycle
  • Estrogen (estradiol)
    • secondary sex characteristics
    • endometrium growth
    • develop fetus
  • progesterone
    • nutrient enrichment
    • maintian pregnancy
    • smooth muscle relaxant
  • inhibin
    • selective inhibition of FSH
31
Q

Testis & hormones

A
  • also an exocrine and endocrine gland
  • Hormone secretion
    • Testosterone
      • secondary sex characteristics
      • sperm development
      • sex organ development
    • Inhibin
      • inhibits FSH secretion
32
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland?

A

Both

  • Endocrine - insulin and glucagon from the islets of langerhans
    • alpha cells = glucagon, beta cells = insulin
  • exocrine - digestive enzymes.
33
Q

Skin as an endocrine gland

A

Converts cholesterol to vitamin D used for calcitriol production with UV help

34
Q

Pineal gland as endocrine gland

A

produces melatonin (sleep wake cycle)

35
Q

Thymus gland as endocrine gland

A

THymosin, and thymopoietin

36
Q

liver as an endocrine gland

A
  • angiotensinogen (active form –> angiotensin II) 2nd intermediary of calcitriol, as well as erythropoietan (EPO 15%), hepcidin (iron absorption), IGF-insulin like growth factors/somatomedins), thrombopoietin
37
Q

Kidney funciton as endocrine gland

A

involved int he activation of angiotensin II (via renin), secretes calcitriol, EPO 85%, and thrombopoeitin

38
Q

heart function as endocrine gland

A

produces ANP - blood pressure regulation

39
Q

stomach as endocrine gland

A

produces gastrin - regulates stomach glands and motility.

40
Q

small intestine as endocrine gland

A

secretes secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) - digestive juices.

41
Q

adipose tissue as endocrine gland

A

secretes leptin and resistin -

42
Q

placenta as endocrine gland

A

secretes estrogen and progesterone

43
Q

What is GAS - general adaption syndrome?

A

Consists of 3 phases

  • Alarm phase
  • resistance phase
  • exhaustion phase
    • collapse of vital systems
      • exhaustion of lipid reserves
      • inability to produce glucocorticoids
      • failure of electrolyte balance
      • cumulative structural or functional damage to vital organs.
44
Q

What does the alarm phase consist of?

A

1) Mobilization of glucose reserves
2) changes in circulation
3) increases in heart rate and respiratory rates
4) increased energy use

Key hormones

  • GH growth hormone
  • GC
  • ACTH
  • MC
  • ADH
45
Q

What does the resistance phase entail of?

A
  1. Mobilization of remaining energy reserves: lipids are released by adipose tissue; amino acids are released by skeletal muscle
  2. conservation of glucose: peripheral tissue (except neural) breaks down lipids to obtain energy
  3. elevation of blood glucose concentrations: liver synthesizes glucose from other carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids
  4. Conservation of salts and water loss, loss of K+ and H+

Link between immune system and stress: macrophages produces IL-1 that stimulates ACTH

46
Q

Where do glycogenesis and glycogenolysis take place? What about gluconeogenesis?

A
  • Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis take place in the liver and muscle
  • gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate source) only takes place in the liver.
47
Q

what takes place in adipose connective tissue?

A

lipogenesis, and lipolysis

  • lipogenesis –> formation of triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids
  • lipolysis –> breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
48
Q

What takes place in all cells especially muscle?

A

Protein anabolism —> synthesis of protein from amino acids

protein catabolism –> breakdown of protein to amino acids

49
Q

Addisons disease is what? Symptoms?

A
  • Deficient production of cortisol (and aldosterone)
  • symptoms
    • weight gain
    • low blood glucose
    • chronic fatigue
    • muscle weakness
    • loss of appetite
50
Q

Cushings is what? symptoms?

A
  • excessive cortisol due to pituitary or adrenal tumor
  • symptoms
    • hyperglycemia
    • breakdown of muscle and bone protein
    • water and salt retention
    • redistribution of fat
    • proneness to infections and poor healing abilities
      *
51
Q
A

Patho Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions