Endo-FC

Question 1

Describe what intracellular organelles contain

• preprohormone
• prohormone
• endproduct hormone

Answer 1

• preprohormone: ER (ribosomes)
• prohormone: Golgi
• endproduct hormone: secretory vesicle

Question 2

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA): how does it affect calcium level? why?

Answer 2

hypocalcemia

metabolic alkalosis -> more negative charge on albumin as COOH group becomes COO- -> more calcium binding to albumin -> decreased free Ca2+

Question 3

Signs of hypoglycemia (5)?

Answer 3

• Tachycardia
• altered mental status
• sweating
• syncope
• diplopia

Question 4

Patient with Diabetes, comes to clinic with signs of hypoglycemia. Pt is unresponsive. Treatment?

Answer 4

subcute GLUCAGON injection
IV insulin (NOT SUBCUTE)

• if patient is responsive and able to drink, sugar water can be given

Question 5

Riedel thyroiditis: How thyroid hormone level does look like?

Answer 5

2/3 (majority of cases): euthyroid

*ONLY 1/3 are hypothyroid

Question 6

How does maternal diabetes affect amniotic fluid level? poly? or oligohydramnios?

Answer 6

polyhydramnios

exact mechanism is unclear, but two possible explanations

1. materna diabetes -> neural tube defect (anancephaly)
   - > absence of swallowing center
2. maternal hyperglycemia -> fetal hyperglycemia
   - > macrosomia (big baby) -> excess urination