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Endoparasite and Ectoparasite Drugs > Endo/Ecto parasite Drugs > Flashcards

Endo/Ecto parasite Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are Anti-parasitic Drugs?

A

Drugs that are administered to kill parasites, either for endoparasites (worms) or ectoparasites (fleas, ticks, mites, etc).

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2
Q

Ectoparasiticide Formulations.

How is impregnated collars used?

A

Slow, continuous release spreading from site of contact on to skin surface.

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3
Q

Ectoparasiticide Formulations.

How are Spot-on solutions used?

A
  • Product distributes across skin/hair over a few days.

- Most products - limited systemic absorption.

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4
Q

Ectoparasiticide Formulations.

How are sprays used?

A
  • Dampen hair down and leave film on the coat.
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5
Q

Ectoparasiticide Formulations.

How are Oral formulations used?

A
  • Tablets, ingredients in blood stream ingested when parasite takes a blood meal.
  • Feed mix
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6
Q

How do Insecticides work?

A

Most act on specific ion-gated ligand channels in insect neurons causing paralysis (either flaccid or spastic) to stop the insect from feeding.

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7
Q

What are the insect growth regulators?

A

Stop eggs from hatching or larvae developing into adults.

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8
Q

What are insect repellents?

A

Stop insect from biting in the first place.

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9
Q

Endoparasiticide Formulations.

Name 5 types of endoparasite treatment.

A
  • Tablets - Most products are tablest, including chewable tablets.
  • Spot-ons formulations
  • Oral pastes
  • Oral Suspension
  • Oral Granules
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10
Q

How does Endoparasitic mechanisms of actions do to the nervous system?

A
  • Most drugs act on the nervous system causing paralysis (either flaccid or spastic) to stop the worm from being able to attach and feed in the gut e.g. macrocyclic lactones praziquantel.
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11
Q

How does Endoparasitic mechanisms of actions that prevent of glucose absorption?

A

-Febantel and fenbendazole block glucose absorption pathways so that the worm starves to death.

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12
Q

What are the side effects and toxicity of parasites?

A

Side effects may be seen from large numbers of parasites becoming paralysed then dying.
- Pruritus, V+/D+, Anorexia, Anaphylaxis in severe cases.

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13
Q

How are these drugs absorbed?

A

Many drugs are not systemically absorbed from the GIT or Skin. Those that are may undergo activation or oxidation in the liver, so care if animal has liver disease.

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14
Q

What is Pyrethrin poisoning in cats?

A
  • Permethrin is a common over the counter medication for flea control in dogs.
  • Acts on presynaptic neurons causing twitching, hyperaesthesia, V+/D+.
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15
Q

Why is Pyrethrin poisonous to cats?

A

Cats cannot metabolise this drug because relative deficiency of glucoronidase and slow ester hydroxylation.
- Although labelling has improved, some owners may still be tempted to put cheap dog flea treatments on their cats….

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16
Q

What special considerations are necessary with Fleas?

A
  • Zoonoses - Toxocara Echinococcus.

Possible in travelling pets.

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17
Q

What is the Flea cycle?

A
  • Female fleas: produce 30-50 eggs/day after a blood meal.
  • Eggs: hatch into larvae on the animal, can go anywhere in the environment.
  • Larvae: 3 moults before pupating.
  • Pupae: Can stay dormant for 1YR. Hatch 5-9 days under ideal environment (temp, humidity, host).
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18
Q

How can Pyrethrins do to fleas?

A

Repel the flea to prevent bites.

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19
Q

What can flea control do to fleas?

A

Stop fleas from laying egges, need to kill within 24hours OR sterilise it (insect growth regulators).

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20
Q

What happens in the environment with fleas?

A

Pupae (the stage) are resistant to anything short of ionising radiation or fire so need to make them hatch.

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21
Q

What environment do Fleas love?

A
  • Warm radiators with towels on to increase humidity
  • Vacuuming to simulate movement
  • Allow animal into areas it normally goes so that fleas will be exposed to insecticide.
  • Carrier or Car!
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22
Q

How long before biting is seen in pets from pupae?

A

A few months.

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23
Q

What is the Latin name for roundworm?

A

Toxocara Canis - Canine

Toxocara Felis - Feline

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24
Q

Which two places to Toxocara migrate to?

A

Visceral larva migrans

Ocular larva migrans

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25
Q

What areas do Toxocara infect?

A
  • Transplacental
  • Transmammary
  • Intestinal Infection
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26
Q

When during pregnancy to use worming agent?

A

From day 40 to 2 days post whelping.
Then..
Mother and Pups - every 2 weeks until 12 weeks as pre patent period is 2 weeks.
- Otherwise Worms go to pups liver.

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27
Q

Why is toxocara in cats different to dogs in pregnancy?

A

In the cat, there is no trans-placental transmission, so worm once kittens are born.

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28
Q

What parasites to look for with a travelling pet?

A
  • Echinococcus multicularis
  • Tick borne diseases
  • Heart Worm
  • Leishmaniosis
29
Q

What is Echinococcus Multilocularis?

A

Tapeworm - definitive host is the fox intermediate host voles in Europe.

30
Q

What are the side effects to Echinococcus multilocularis?

A

Cancer-like cysts that form in the liver and lungs.

Why dogs must have a tapewormer prior to return to the UK.

31
Q

What are the hosts for tapeworm?

A

Tapeworm - definitive host is the fox, intermediate host voles in EU.

32
Q

What do Ticks carry?

A

Lymes Diseases (Borrelia Burgdorferi)
Babesiossis
Erhlichiosis
Anaplasmosis

33
Q

What happens when a Tick bites?

A

Transmitted when tick injects saliva and feeds, usually 24-48 hours after attachment so acaracides should ideally repel or kill before this time.

34
Q

What is the most common cause of heart worm?

A

Cause of right-sided congestive heart failure in endemic areas.

35
Q

What is Leishmaniosis?

A

Protozoan parasite transmitted through bites of sand flies.

36
Q

What areas do Leishmaniosis live?

A

Southern Eu/Scrub areas.

37
Q

Can Leishmania parasite be killed? and how is it caused.

A

No, so need to repel sand flies.

Causes a lifelong infection and also a zoonosis.

38
Q

Ectoparasites.

What is the difference between Macroscopic and Microscopic?

A

Macroscopic: May be seen with the naked eye.
Microscopic: Cannot be seen with the naked eye.

39
Q

What is the Latin name for Cat Flea & Dog Flea?

And what are the properties?

A

Ctenocephalides felis - Cat
Ctenocephalides Canis - Dog
Zoonotic and Macroscopic

40
Q

What are the characteristics of fleas eggs?

A
  • Oval shape
  • White/cream colour
    0. 5mm in length

Not sticky, so falls off host into the environment.

41
Q

How long does Larvae develop?

A

Development takes 5-11 days depending on environmental temperature and humidity.
Once full grown, stops eating and spins a cocoon using silky thread to incorporate debris and dust from the environment.

42
Q

How can you detect flea infestations?

A

-Owners may have seen the fleas or been bitten themselves.
Flea comb
Wet paper test
- Determine whether particles on coat are flea droppings or not.
- Place on damp tissue/wet cotton wool
- Droppings will develop brown ring around them.

43
Q

What is the Latin name for Louse infestation?

A

Pediculosis

44
Q

How are Louse transmitted?

A

By close contact

45
Q

What are the two distinctive types of Louse?

A
  • Biting Louse

- Sucking (chewing) Louse.

46
Q

What is the Lice life cycle?

A

Eggs lay on host.
Attach to hair shaft - NITS!
Hatch into nymphs which develop into adults.

47
Q

What is the Latin for ‘Sucking Louse’?

A

Linognathus Setosus

48
Q

What is the host for a sucking louse?

A

Dogs

49
Q

What can cause sucking louse?

A

Can cause anaemia in severe infestations.

50
Q

What is the Latin for Biting Lice?

A

Trichodectes Canis - Dog

Felicola Subrostratus - Cat

51
Q

What do biting lice do when in contact with skin?

A

Chew dead skin and scale causing irritation.

52
Q

What are ticks?

A

Blood sucking arachnids in the group acaridae.

53
Q

What are ticks responsible for?

A

Transmitting many bacterial, rickettsials, viral and protozoal diseases.

54
Q

What is the cause of heavy infestations?

A

Anaemia

55
Q

What does the tick life cycle involve?

A
  • Involves multiple hosts and occurs over 2-3 years.
56
Q

What is Sheep tick in Latin?

A
  • Ixodes Ricinus
57
Q

What are the diseases that sheep ticks transmits?

A
  • Lyme’s disease
  • Babesia
  • Anaplasma
58
Q

What is the Latin name for Hedgehog tick?

A
  • Ixodes Hexagonus
59
Q

What disease does hedgehop tick transmit?

A
  • Lyme’s disease
60
Q

What is the Latin name for Brown dog tick/Kennel tick?

A

Rhipicephalus Sanguineus

61
Q

What diseases does BDT/KT transmit?

A

Babesia

Erlichia

62
Q

What is the Latin name for Ornate dog tick?

A

Dermacentor Reticulatus

Areas in SE and SW England

63
Q

What disease is transmitted in the Ornate Dog tick?

A

Babesia

64
Q

What are the characteristics of ticks?

A

Initially only a small grey/brown swelling is visible. Firmly attached to animal.

65
Q

What happens after the tick attach to the animal?

A

Ticks inject saliva and starts to feed after 24 -48 hrs. Any pathogens in salivary glands are transmitted at this time.
Once tick has fed fully it becomes engorged, detaches and drops off.

66
Q

What are Dipteran flies?

A

Blue bottle and green flies.

67
Q

What is Myiasis?

A

Infestation of live animals with the larvae of Dipteran flies. hatch within 12 hrs.

68
Q

What are the risk factors of Dipteran flies?

A
  • Obesity
  • Debilitation
  • Urine Scalding
  • D+
  • Infected or necrotic wounds.

Endoparasite and Ectoparasite Drugs (1 decks)

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