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FA - Endocrine > Endo - Anatomy & Physio (Endocrine pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon) > Flashcards

Endo - Anatomy & Physio (Endocrine pancreas, Insulin, & Glucagon) Flashcards

Pg. 307-309 in First Aid 2014 or Pg. 287-289 in First Aid 2013 Sections include: -Endocrine pancreas cell types -Insulin -[In FA 2013, Insulin-dependent organs] -Glucagon

1
Q

From where do the Islets of Langerhans arise? Of what cells do they consist?

A

Islets arise from pancreatic buds; Alpha, Beta, and delta endocrine cells

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2
Q

Again, what are the cells in the Islets of Langherhans? What is the product of each, and where is each found in the Islet?

A

(1) Alpha = glucagon (peripheral) (2) Beta = insulin (central) (3) Delta = somatostatin (interspersed); Think: “INsulin (Beta cells) = INside”

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3
Q

Draw a pancreatic Islet, labelling the following: (1) Alpha Cell (2) Beta cell (3) Delta cell (4) Capillaries.

A

See First Aid 2014 p. 307 or 2013 p. 287

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4
Q

From where is Insulin released?

A

Released from (Beta) cells of pancreas

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5
Q

What is a major regulator of insulin release? What is its mechanism of regulation?

A

Glucose; ATP generated by glucose metabolism closes K+ channels and depolarizes Beta cell membrane –> opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels –> Ca2+ influx stimulates insulin secretion

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6
Q

What effect does Insulin have on glucose?

A

Insulin moves glucose into cells; Think: “INsulin moves glucose INto cells”

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7
Q

Do insulin and/or glucose cross the placenta?

A

Insulin does NOT cross the placenta, unlike glucose

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8
Q

Which parts of the body have insulin-independent glucose reuptake?

A

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver; Think: “BRICK L(P) [P for Pancreatic Beta cells]”

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9
Q

Draw proinsulin, labeling the following: (1) Alpha chain (2) C peptide (3) Beta chain (4) Disulfide bonds.

A

See First Aid 2014 p. 308 to right or 2013 p. 288 to left

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10
Q

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

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11
Q

What are the 7 anabolic effects of insulin?

A

(1) Increased glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose (2) Increased glycogen synthesis and storage (3) Increased triglyceride synthesis and storage (4) Increased Na+ retention (kidneys) (5) Increased protein synthesis (muscles) (6) Increased cellular reuptake of K+ and amino acids (7) Decreased glucagon release

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12
Q

What effect does insulin have on glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose?

A

Increase

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13
Q

What effect does insulin have on glycogen synthesis/storage and triglyceride synthesis/storage?

A

Increase both

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14
Q

What effect does insulin have on sodium retention by kidneys?

A

Increase

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15
Q

What effect does insulin have on protein synthesis? To which part(s) of the body is this most relevant?

A

Increase; Muscles

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16
Q

What effect does insulin have on cellular uptake of K+ and amino acids?

A

Increase

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17
Q

What effect does insulin have on glucagon release?

A

Decrease

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18
Q

What factors increase insulin?

A

(1) Hyperglycemia (2) Beta2-agonists (3) GH (causes insulin resistance –> increased insulin release)

19
Q

What role does GH play in insulin regulation?

A

GH increases insulin resistance, leading indirectly to increased insulin secretion

20
Q

What factors decrease insulin?

A

(1) Hypoglycemia (2) Somatostatin (3) Alpha2-agonists

21
Q

Draw a pancreatic Beta cell depicting insulin secretion. Include the following steps: (1) GLUT-2 transport (2) Increase in ATP/ADP ration (3) ATP-sensitive K+ channels close (4) Depolarization (5) Increase in Intracellular Ca2+ (6) Exocytosis of insulin granules.

A

See First Aid 2014 Pg. 308 near bottom right or 2013 Pg. 288 Near bottom left

22
Q

What are the steps involved in insulin secretion by pancreatic Beta cells? Where does insulin go upon its release?

A

(1) GLUT-2 transport (2) Increase in ATP/ADP ration (3) ATP-sensitive K+ channels close (4) Depolarization (5) Increase in Intracellular Ca2+ (6) Exocytosis of insulin granules; Enters blood vessel(s)

23
Q

Draw a cell depicting insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Include the following labels: (1) Insulin (2) Tyrosine Phosphorylation (3) GLUT-4 (4) Glucose (5) Phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway (6) RAS/MAP Kinase pathway (7) Vesicles containing GLUT-4 (8) Glucogen, lipid, and protein synthesis (9) Cell growth, DNA synthesis.

A

See First Aid 2014 Pg. 308 near bottom left or 2013 Pg. 288 near bottom right

24
Q

What are the steps involved in glucose uptake by insulin-dependent cells?

A

(1) Insulin (binding its receptor) (2) Tyrosine phosphorylation (3a) Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase pathway –> Glycogen, lipid, protein synthesis AND Vesicles containing GLUT-4 (move transporter to membrane) (3b) RAS/MAP kinase pathway –> Cell growth, DNA synthesis

25
Q

Again, which tissues depend on insulin for glucose reuptake? Which transporter do they use?

A

Resting skeletal muscle and adipose tissue depend on insulin for increased glucose reuptake (via GLUT-4)

26
Q

On what does the brain depend for metabolism under normal circumstances? What does it use in starvation?

A

Glucose; Ketone bodies

27
Q

What do RBCs always depend on for metabolism, and why?

A

Glucose; They have no mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

28
Q

What is the source of Glucagon?

A

Made by Alpha cells of the pancreas

29
Q

Is Glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

30
Q

What are the catabolic effects of Glucagon?

A

(1) Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis (2) Lipolysis and ketone production

31
Q

What stimulates secretion of Glucagon?

A

Hypoglycemia

32
Q

What inhibits secretion of Glucagon?

A

(1) Insulin (2) Hyperglycemia (3) Somatostatin

33
Q

Describe the process of synthesizing insulin by providing its 5 steps.

A

Preproinsulin (synthesized in RER) –> cleavage of “presignal” –> proinsulin (stored in secretory granules) –> cleavage of proinsulin –> exocytosis of insulin and C-peptide equally

34
Q

How is insulinoma distinguished from exogenous insulin?

A

Insulin and C-peptide are increased in insulinoma, whereas exogenous insulin lacks C-peptide

35
Q

What is the mechanism of insulin? More specifically, what does it bind, and what does this binding induce?

A

Binds insulin receptors (tyrosin kinase activity), inducing glucose uptake (carrier-mediated transport) in insulin-dependent tissue and gene transcription

36
Q

Is GLUT-4 an insulin dependent or independent glucose transporter? Where is it found (2 places)?

A

Insulin-dependent glucose transporters: GLUT-4: (1) adipose tissue, (2) skeletal muscle

37
Q

Is GLUT-1 an insulin dependent or independent glucose transporter? Where is it found (3 places)?

A

Insulin-independent transporters: GLUT-1: (1) RBCs (2) Brain (3) Cornea

38
Q

Is GLUT-5 an insulin dependent or independent glucose transporter? With what sugar is it associated? Where is it found (2 places)?

A

Insulin-independent transporters: GLUT-5 (fructose): (1) Spermatocytes (2) GI tract

39
Q

Is GLUT-2 an insulin dependent or independent glucose transporter? What is its directionality? Where is it found (4 places)?

A

Insulin-independent transporters: GLUT-2 (bidirectional): (1) Beta islet cells (2) liver (3) kidney (4) small intestine

40
Q

What are the insulin-independent glucose transporters?

A

GLUT-1, GLUT-5, GLUT-2

41
Q

Which glucose transporter is associated with fructose?

A

Insulin-dependent transporters: GLUT-5 (fructose): (1) Spermatocytes (2) GI tract

42
Q

Which glucose transporter is bidirectional?

A

Insulin-dependent transporters: GLUT-2 (bidirectional): (1) Beta islet cells (2) liver (3) kidney (4) small intestine

43
Q

What is the major regulator of insulin release?

A

Glucose is major regulator of insulin release

44
Q

What are the steps leading to insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta cells?

A

Glucose enters Beta cells –> increase in ATP generated from glucose metabolism –> closes K+ channels & depolarizes Beta cell membrane –> opens voltage-gated CA2+ channels, resulting in Ca2+ influx and stimulating insulin exocytosis

FA - Endocrine (15 decks)

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