Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CH16 Endocrine > endo > Flashcards

endo Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary,

thyroid,

parathyroid,

adrenal,

pineal,

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The pancreas and gonads produce both ___________and _________products

A

The pancreas and gonads produce both hormones and exocrine products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The hypothalamus has both ________functions and releases __________

A

The hypothalamus has both neural functions and releases hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Other tissues and organs that produce hormones?

A

Adipose cells,

pockets of cells in the walls of the small intestine,

stomach,

kidneys,

_ heart_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hormones are

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the

A

** extracellular fluids**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormones Regulate the ___________ of other cells

Have lag times ranging from___________

Tend to have _________effects

A
  • ** metabolic function **
  • ** seconds to hours**
  • ** prolonged **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hormones are classified as

A
  • *Amino acid-based
    • *
  • *Steroids
    • *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amines, thyroxine, peptide, and protein hormones
Are classified as what hormones?

A

**
Amino acid-based**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Synthesized from cholesterol &
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones.

Are classified what type of hormone?

A
  • *Steroids
    • *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Target cells
Response can

_______plasma membrane permeability
________ protein synthesis
_________or ______ enzyme systems
Induce _______activity
Stimulate ______

A

_ Alter_ plasma membrane permeability
Stimulate protein synthesis
Activate** or **deactivate enzyme systems
Induce secretory activity
Stimulate _mitosis _

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones alter target cell activity by one of two mechanisms

1) Bind to receptor on plasma membrane

*Receptor coupled to intracellular response via ________

*_____amino acid–based hormones (except ____ hormone)

2) Directly activate gene
*Only ________ hormones can enter the cell to do this (lipid soluble)

A

Receptor coupled to intracellular response via second messengers

All amino acid–based hormones (except thyroid hormone)

Only steroid hormones can enter the cell to do this (lipid soluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Target cell activation depends on three factors

A
  1. Blood levels of the hormone
  2. Relative number of receptors on the target cell
  3. **The affinity of those receptors for the hormone **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

A

**Up-regulation **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

– target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone

A

**Down-regulation **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms –

______ or ______

______ and ____hormone are attached to plasma proteins

All others are ______

A

Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms –

free or bound

Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to plasma proteins

All others are unencumbered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Concentrations of circulating hormone reflect:

A

Rate of release

  • *Speed of inactivation and removal from the body
    • *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_
Hormones_ are _removed from the blood_ by:

A

**
Degrading enzymes**

The kidneys

Liver enzyme systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood levels of hormones:
Are controlled by___________ systems
Vary only within a ________desirable range

A

Blood levels of hormones:
Are controlled by negative feedback systems
Vary only within a narrow desirable range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_
Hormones_ are _synthesized and released_ in response to:

A

Humoral stimuli

Neural stimuli

Hormonal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

– secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients

A

Humoral stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Humoral stimuli –
Example: concentration of calcium ions in the blood

A

Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone)

PTH causes Ca2+ concentrations to rise and the stimulus is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

– nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

A

Neural stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) fibers stimulate the _________ to secrete _______

A

Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

– release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs

A

Hormonal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The_______ hormones stimulate the _____pituitary
In turn, pituitary hormones stimulate _______to secrete still more hormones

A

The hypothalamic** hormones stimulate the **anterior pituitary

In turn, pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The____________ can override normal endocrine controls
For example, control of blood glucose levels

Normally the________system maintains blood glucose
Under stress, the body needs more glucose
The ________ and the _________nervous system are activated to supply ample glucose

A

The nervous system can override normal endocrine controls
For example, control of blood glucose levels
Normally the endocrine system maintains blood glucose
Under stress, the body needs more glucose
The hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system are activated to supply ample glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– two-lobed organ that secretes 8 major hormones

A

Pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

posterior lobe (neural tissue) and the infundibulum

Receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus

A

Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

– anterior lobe, made up of glandular tissue

Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones

A

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pituitary (Hypophysis)

  • The posterior lobe is a downgrowth of hypothalamic ________ tissue
    • Has a neural connection with the __________ (hypothalamic-hypophyseal
  • tract)
    • Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize _________and ___________
    • These hormones are transported to the ________ pituitary
A

The posterior lobe is a downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue

Has a neural connection with the hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)

Nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

These hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are stored in __________in the Posterior pituitary.

A

Axon Terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oxytocin & ADH are released into the _______ when hypothalamic neurons fire.

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pituitary (Hypophysis)

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an________ tissue

There is no direct neural contact with the __________

Is a vascular connection, the hypophyseal portal system, consisting of:
The _________ capillary plexus
The ____________portal veins
The _________capillary plexus

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an epithelial tissue

There is no direct neural contact with the hypothalamus

Is a vascular connection, the hypophyseal portal system, consisting of:
The primary capillary plexus
The hypophyseal portal veins
The secondary capillary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hormone secreted by ______ in the ________can sends chemical stimulus to the ________ pituitary

________ hormones_________ the synthesis and release of hormones

_________hormones ____ ____the synthesis and release of hormones

A

Hormone secreted by neurons** in the **hypothalamus** can sends chemical stimulus to the **anterior pituitary

Releasing hormones stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones

Inhibiting hormones shut off the synthesis and release of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adenophypophyseal(Anterior Pituitary) Hormones

The hormones of the adenohypophysis:

A

Adenophypophyseal(Anterior Pituitary) Hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

_*FLAT PG_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The hormones of the adenohypophysis:

Growth Hormone (GH)
 Prolactin (PRL)

The tropic hormones are?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

*FLAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

FSH and LH are ???

A

** gonadotropins**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The hormones of the adenohypophysis:

Initial stand for??

(GH)

(PRL)

The tropic hormones:
(TSH) (ACTH) (FSH) (LH)

A

The hormones of the adenohypophysis:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
The tropic hormones:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

Produced by cells of the _______ lobe that:
Stimulate most cells, but target ______ and _____muscle
Promote _______ synthesis and encourage the use of ______for fuel

Most effects are mediated _________ by insulin-like growth factors (a.k.a____________)

GH stimulates ________skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

Produced by cells of the anterior lobe that:
Stimulate most cells, but target bone and skeletal muscle
Promote protein synthesis and encourage the use of fats for fuel

Most effects are mediated indirectly by insulin-like growth factors (a.k.a somatomedins)

GH stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

Indirect Action of GH?

IGFs (aka___________)

Promote proteins synthesis and skeletal and muscle tissue growth (aka___________)

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

Insulin Growth Factors

Anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Direct Action of GH

Encourage use of______for fuel (lipolysis)
___________blood fatty acid levels

Inhibits glucose uptake by tissue cells(__________) and release of glucose from liver(____________)

___________ blood glucose levels

A

Direct Action of GH

Encourage use of fats for fuel (lipolysis)
Elevate blood fatty acid levels

Inhibits glucose uptake by tissue cells and release of glucose from liver
Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenisis

Elevates blood glucose levels

42
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

Secretion is regulated by?

________________

________________

A

Secretion is regulated by…

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH release

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH) inhibits GH release

43
Q

GH Hypersecretion in children results in ________

*Abnormally tall person with normal body proportions

A

gigantism

44
Q

GH Hypersecretion in adults (after epiphyseal plates have sealed) results in ___________

*Overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH (hands, feet, face

A

acromegaly

45
Q

GH Hyposecreation

Hyposecretion in adults usually causes no problem

_Hypo_secretion in _children_ results in slow long bone growth - _________________

*Body proportions usually normal

A

pituitary dwarfism

46
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)TSH

Stimulates the _______development and secretory activity of the ______
Thyroid gland controls _______

Triggered by hypothalamic peptide _____________

Rising blood levels* of *thyroid hormones act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to block the release of_____ and _______

GHIH also inhibits________
If you’re not growing, might as well turn down metabolism

A

Stimulates the normal** development and secretory activity of the **thyroid
Thyroid gland controls metabolism

Triggered by hypothalamic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Rising blood levels* of *thyroid hormones act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to block the release of TRH and TSH

GHIH also inhibits TSH
If you’re not growing, might as well turn down metabolism

47
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

Stimulates the___________to release steroid hormones (_______________) E.g., cortisol

Triggered by hypothalamic ________________

Rising blood levels of cortisol act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to block the release of_____________

CRH release cycles in a ______ rhythm, _highest i_n the ________ and dropping throughout the day
But ______can trigger the hypothalamus to release CRH
Physical stress like loss of blood
Psychological stress; unhappy (like anxiety over an exam) and happy (like falling in love)
Low blood glucose

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

Stimulates the adrenal cortex** to release steroid hormones (**corticosteroids)
E.g., cortisol
Triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Rising blood levels of cortisol act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to block the release of CRH and ACTH
CRH release cycles in a daily rhythm, highest in the morning and dropping throughout the day
But stress can trigger the hypothalamus to release CRH
Physical stress like loss of blood
Psychological stress; unhappy (like anxiety over an exam) and happy (like falling in love)
Low blood glucose

48
Q

Gonadotropins – follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Regulate the function of the ______ and _______

FSH stimulates _________ (egg or sperm) production

Absent from the blood in ___________ boys and girls

Triggered by the hypothalamic _________ during and after puberty

A

Gonadotropins – follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Regulate the function of the ovaries and testes

FSH stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production

Absent from the blood in prepubertal boys and girls

Triggered by the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty

49
Q

Functions of Gonadotropins in Females

In females

LH works with FSH to cause _______ of the _________

LH works alone to trigger _________ (expulsion of the egg from the follicle)

LH promotes synthesis and release of _______and _________

A

Functions of Gonadotropins in Females

LH works with FSH to cause maturation of the ovarian follicle

LH works alone to trigger ovulation (expulsion of the egg from the follicle)

LH promotes synthesis and release of estrogens and progesterone

50
Q

Functions of Gonadotropins in Males

In males

LH stimulates_______ cells of the_______ to produce ___________

LH is also referred to as ______________

A

Functions of Gonadotropins in Males

LH stimulates interstitial** cells of the **testes to produce testosterone

LH is also referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

51
Q

Prolactin

With other hormones, stimulates __________development

In pregnancy and nursing, stimulates ______production

Function in males not well understood

Control:
_____________________from hypothalamus
_____________________ from hypothalamus

Estrogen

A

With other hormones, stimulates mammary gland development
In pregnancy and nursing, stimulates milk production

Function in males not well understood

Control:

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH or dopamine) from hypothalamus

Prolactin Releasing factors (PRF) from hypothalamus

Estrogen

52
Q

Rising ______ before ______ stimulates PRL(prolactin), stimulates _____, and inhibits ________
But is too brief to cause milk production, just breast __________and ________

Rising (placental) estrogen, (placental) ______, and placental _________ toward end of pregnancy stimulates ________, stimulates________, and inhibits ________
ex; Milk production

Suckling after birth stimulates nipple ____________which send ________impulses to hypothalamus, stimulating PRF and inhibiting PIH
ex; Milk production for next feeding

A

Rising estrogen** before **menstruation stimulates PRL, stimulates PRF, and inhibits PIH
But is too brief to cause milk production, just breast swelling** and **tenderness
Rising (placental) estrogen, (placental) progesterone, and placental lactogen toward end of pregnancy stimulates PRL, stimulates PRF, and inhibits PIH
ex; Milk production

Suckling after birth stimulates nipple mechanoreceptors which send afferent impulses to hypothalamus, stimulating PRF and inhibiting PIH
ex; Milk production for next feeding

53
Q

The Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormone

______________ – made of axons of hypothalamic neurons, stores _antidiuretic hormone (ADH)_ and oxytocin

ADH and _________are synthesized in the ________

ADH influences _________balance

________ stimulates_____\_muscle contraction in _______and _______

A

The Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones

Posterior pituitary – made of axons of hypothalamic neurons, stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus

ADH influences water balance

Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus

54
Q

Oxytocin

__________ is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction

Regulated by a _______ feedback mechanism to oxytocin in the________

This leads to increased intensity of_______ contractions, ending in birth

Oxytocin also triggers ______ _______ (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk

________ and _______oxytocic drugs are used to induce or hasten labor

A

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction

Regulated by a positive feedback mechanism to oxytocin in the blood

This leads to increased intensity of uterine contractions, ending in birth

Oxytocin also triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk

Synthetic and natural oxytocic drugs are used to induce or hasten labor

55
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

___________- urine production
___________ - inhibits/prevents urine productions
ADH is__________ hormone
____________ in hypothalamus monitor the solute concentration of the blood
_______solutes, ADH _______ water (less urine)
_______solutes, ADH is not _______, thus causing water loss (urination)
Alcohol ________ADH release and causes copious urine output
____________ADH (e.g., blow to head that damages hypothalamus or posterior pituitary) causes ______ ______

A

Diuresis - urine production
Antidiuretic - inhibits/prevents urine productions
ADH is antidiuretic hormone
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor the solute concentration of the blood
High solutes, ADH **pr**eserves water (less urine)
Low solutes, ADH is not **re**leased, thus causing water loss (urination)
Alcohol inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output
Inadequate ADH (e.g., blow to head that damages hypothalamus or posterior pituitary) causes diabetes insipidus

56
Q

When ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

this is an example of what ________regulation??

A

Hormonal

57
Q

A major difference between Neurotransmiters and Hormones is that Hormones are secreted into?

A

Blood

58
Q

Hormones secreted into the

**hypophyseal portal system **

are delivered to

A

Adenohypophysis – anterior lobe of pituitary

59
Q

Long bone growth promoting effects are actually mediated by

A

SOMATOMEDINS

60
Q

A Goiter is the lack of?

A

Iodine

61
Q

Target Organ of the Thyroid releasing hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

62
Q

PT is displaying high vloumes of urine output & severe dehydration, what is mostly like the cause

A

Hyposecreation of ADH

63
Q

Thyroid Gland

Largest endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median tissue mass called the____________

Composed of f_olli_cles that produce the glycoprotein ____

Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of _________________

Other endocrine cells, the parafollicular cells, produce the hormone calcitonin

A

Largest endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median tissue mass called the isthmus

Composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin

Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormone

Other endocrine cells, the parafollicular cells, produce the hormone calcitonin

64
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

______________ – major metabolic hormone

Consists of two related iodine-containing compounds
________; thyroglobulin plus four bound iodine atoms
_______; thyroglobulin with three bound iodine atoms

__________ synthesized in follicle cells and discharged into the lumen
I2 and released into the lumen too
_______ attaches to thyroglobulin forming T1 and T2

T1 and T2 linked together to form ___and ____

Colloid is then ______and combined with a _____, where T3 and T4 are cleaved and diffuse into the ______

A

Thyroid hormone – major metabolic hormone
Consists of two related iodine-containing compounds
T4 – thyroxine; thyroglobulin plus four bound iodine atoms
T3 – triiodothyronine; thyroglobulin with three bound iodine atoms
Thyroglobulin synthesized in follicle cells and discharged into the lumen
I2 and released into the lumen too
Iodine attaches to thyroglobulin forming T1 and T2
T1 and T2 linked together to form T3 and T4
Colloid is then endocytosed** and combined with a **lysosome, where T3 and T4 are cleaved and diffuse into the bloodstream

65
Q

Transport and Regulation of TH

TRH from ______triggers TSH released from ______
_______binds to target cell (follicle cells of thyroid gland)
Mostly ___and some T3 released from follicle
________primarily responsible for effects of TH
However enzymes in _____and other peripheral tissues can convert T4 to T3
Virtually every cell in the body responds to TH, increasing ________
Regulation is by _______ feedback
_______TH shut off TSH
But TRH can overcome the negative feedback, for example in __________

A

TRH from hypothalamus triggers TSH released from anterior pitutiary
TSH binds to target cell (follicle cells of thyroid gland)
Mostly T4 and some T3 released from follicle
T3 primarily responsible for effects of TH
However enzymes in liver and other peripheral tissues can convert T4 to T3
Virtually every cell in the body responds to TH, increasing metabolic rate
Regulation is by negative feedback
High TH shut off TSH
But TRH can overcome the negative feedback, for example in pregnancy

66
Q

Effects of Thyroid Hormone

________ rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption
________production
________ heart rate and force contraction
Results in increased ______ _______

TH also involved in-
Regulating ___________
Developing _______ and ________ systems
___________and __________ capabilities

A
  • *Elevates** rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption
  • *Heat** production

Increases heart rate and force contraction
Results in increased blood pressure

TH also involved in-
Regulating tissue growth
Developing skeletal and nervous systems
Maturation and reproductive capabilities

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

_ Hypo_thyroid disorders may result from inadequate TSH, iodine deficiency (causing lack of____), or thyroid gland removal

Hypothyroidism in adults - __________ - low metabolic rate, feeling chilled, thick dry skin, lethargy, mental sluggishness, and puffy eyes
If is a result of lack of iodine, thyroid gland enlarges - ________

Hypothyroidism in children - _______- mental retardation, disproportionately sized body and thick tongue and neck

A

Hypothyroid disorders may result from inadequate TSH, iodine deficiency (causing lack of TH), or thyroid gland removal

Hypothyroidism in adults - Myxedema - low metabolic rate, feeling chilled, thick dry skin, lethargy, mental sluggishness, and puffy eyes
If is a result of lack of iodine, thyroid gland enlarges - goiter

Hypothyroidism in children - Cretinism - mental retardation, disproportionately sized body and thick tongue and neck

68
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Most common _hype_rthyroidism is _____ ______
Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss despite adequate food intake

____________due to tissue becoming edematous then fibrous

Serum contains _________ that mimic TSH
___________ disease

A

Most common hyperthyroidism is Grave’s Disease

Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, weight loss despite adequate food intake

Exophthalmos due to tissue becoming edematous then fibrous

Serum contains antibodies that mimic TSH
Autoimmune disease

69
Q

Plasma Ca++ is closely regulated to prevent changes in ____________excitability

______-% of Ca++ in skeleton
Remaining 1% _________(0.9%) or _________(0.1%)
________ Ca++ in SR important in excitation-contraction coupling (A&P 1)
________Ca++ needed for neuromuscular excitability
Low extracellular Ca++ _______ Na+ influx (due to a Na+-Ca++ antiporter)
Resting potential closer to ________
Skeletal muscle may spontaneously _____
*Of diaphragm can lead to ______
_High extracellular Ca++ _Na+ influx
____________neuromuscular excitability
But causes increased _________ muscle contraction!! (more on this later)

A

Plasma Ca++ is closely regulated to prevent changes in neuromuscular excitability

99% of Ca++ in skeleton
Remaining 1% intracellular (0.9%)** or **extracellular (0.1%)

Intracellular Ca++ in SR important in excitation-contraction coupling (A&P 1)
Extracellular Ca++ needed for neuromuscular excitability
Low extracellular Ca++ increases Na+ influx (due to a Na+-Ca++ antiporter)
Resting potential closer to threshold
Skeletal muscle may spontaneously spasm
Of diaphragm can lead to asphyxiation
High extracellular Ca++ decreases Na+ influx
Depresses neuromuscular excitability
But causes increased cardiac muscle contraction!! (more on this later)

70
Q

Calcitonin

A peptide hormone produced by the _________(C cells)
Lowers blood calcium levels in _________
___________to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin targets the ________, where it:
Inhibits ________activity (and thus bone resorption) and release of calcium from the bone _______
_______calcium uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix
Regulated by a_____(calcium ion concentration in the blood) _________feedback mechanism

A

A peptide hormone produced by the parafollicular(C cells)
Lowers blood calcium levels in children
Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin targets the skeleton, where it:
Inhibits osteoclast activity (and thus bone resorption) and release of calcium from the bone matrix
Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix
Regulated by a humoral (calcium ion concentration in the blood) negative feedback mechanism

71
Q

Parathyroid Glands

Tiny glands embedded in the_____aspect of the thyroid

Usually 4 but can be as many as 8

Secrete _________________
Most important hormone controlling______balance in the blood

A

Tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid

Usually 4 but can be as many as 8

Secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone or parathormone)
Most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood

72
Q

Effects of Parathyroid Hormone

PTH release increases Ca2+ in the blood as it:
Stimulates ___________to digest bone matrix

Enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+ and the secretion of phosphate by the __________

Increases absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal mucosal by activating ___________

Rising Ca2+ in the blood __________ PTH release

A

PTH release increases Ca2+ in the blood as it:
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix

Enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+ and the secretion of phosphate by the kidneys

Increases absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal mucosal by activating vitamin D

Rising Ca2+ in the blood inhibits PTH release

73
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

From a parathyroid gland________
Calcium leached from______
Bones soft and deformed
Mineral salts replace with _______connective tissue
Elevated blood Ca2+ level (____________)
Depression of nervous system
Abnormal _________
Weakened________muscles
Formation of_____ ________ as calcium salts precipitate in kidney tubules

A

From a parathyroid gland tumor
Calcium leached from bones
Bones soft and deformed
Mineral salts replace with fibrous connective tissue
Elevated blood Ca2+ level (hypercalcemia)
Depression of nervous system
Abnormal reflexes
Weakened skeletal muscles
Formation of kidney stones as calcium salts precipitate in kidney tubules

74
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

From parathyroid gland trauma or removal of thyroid gland
Or _______deficiencies (needed for PTH secretion)

Increased excitability of ________:
Muscle twitches
Convulsions

________paralysis, death

A

From parathyroid gland trauma or removal of thyroid gland
Or _Mg (Magneseum) _deficiencies (needed for PTH secretion)

Increased excitability of neurons:
*Muscle twitches
*Convulsions

Respiratory paralysis, death

75
Q

Pituitary Gland Summary

A

Pituitary Gland Summary

76
Q

Endocrine System: Overview1

A

Endocrine System: Overview1

77
Q

Endocrine Overview2

A

Endocrine Overview2

78
Q

Stress

Stress
Fright
Heavy Exercise
Emotional stress; happy or unhappy
Hypoglycemia

Nervous system informs ____________ of stress

Hypothalamus controls_______________
Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys
_______________ – neural tissue, part of SNS
_______________ – glandular tissue
Thus stress response is both _______and ________

A

Stress
Fright
Heavy Exercise
Emotional stress; happy or unhappy
Hypoglycemia

Nervous system informs hypothalamus of stress

Hypothalamus controls adrenal glands
Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys
Inner adrenal medulla – neural tissue, part of SNS
Outer adrenal cortex – glandular tissue
Thus stress response is both endocrine and nervous

79
Q

Short-term Stress and the Adrenal Medulla

Nervous Review (SNS fibers)
______ bronchioles
To maximize ventilation

_______ rate and force of heart beat
Which increases blood pressure

__________most blood vessels
Which increase _________
But _______coronary blood vessels and vessels supplying skeletal muscle
Which diverts blood from _______ viscera and _____to skeletal muscle and heart
Sweat
Release _____________

A

Nervous Review (SNS fibers)

Dilate bronchioles
To maximize ventilation
Increased rate and force of heart beat
Which increases blood pressure
Vasoconstrict most blood vessels
Which increase blood pressure
But dilate coronary blood vessels and vessels supplying skeletal muscle
Which diverts blood from abdominal viscera and skin to skeletal muscle and heart
Sweat
Release catecholamines

80
Q

Short-term Stress and the Adrenal Medulla

__________ are in vesicles and can be rapidly released (amount at peak at 30 sec)
75% __________-
Dilate bronchioles
Dilate coronary blood vessels and vessels supplying skeletal muscle
Increased rate and force of heart beat
Spare glucose-
_______ insulin release and promote _______ release
To keep blood glucose ______
Promote lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenisis

25% _____________
_____________ vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure

A

Catecholamines are in vesicles and can be rapidly released (amount at peak at 30 sec)

75% Epinephrine
Dilate bronchioles
Dilate coronary blood vessels and vessels supplying skeletal muscle
Increased rate and force of heart beat
Spare glucose-
Inhibit insulin release and promote glucagon release
To keep blood glucose high
Promote lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenisis

25% Norepinephrine
Peripheral vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure

81
Q

Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla

_______________of catecholamines
None known
Would not be a problem because of overlap with neural aspects of SNS

Hypersecretion
A rare tumor called a _____________ secrets large amounts of catecholamines
What would be 3 symptoms of this tumor?

Treatment is _______ ________ of tumor

A

Hyposecretion of catecholamines
None known
Would not be a problem because of overlap with neural aspects of SNS

Hypersecretion
A rare tumor called a pheochromocytoma secrets large amounts of catecholamines
What would be the symptoms of this tumor?
Hypertension (high BP), hyperglycemia, and excessive sweating

Treatment is surgical removal of tumor

82
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Synthesizes and releases steroid hormones called _____

Different corticosteroids are produced in each of the three layers
Zona _________ – ___________ (chiefly ___________)
Zona_________ – ___________ (chiefly ___________)
Zona ________ – ____________(chiefly __________)

A

Synthesizes and releases steroid hormones called corticosteroids

Different corticosteroids are produced in each of the three layers
Zona glomerulosa – mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata – glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
Zona reticularis – gonadocorticoids (chiefly androgens)

83
Q

Mineralocorticoids

Regulate electrolytes in extracellular fluids
_________ – most important mineralocorticoid
Maintains Na+ balance by _______excretion of sodium from the body
Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the ______ (and secretion of _____)

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
Rising blood levels of______
_______blood Na+
_______ blood volume or pressure

A

Regulate electrolytes in extracellular fluids
Aldosterone – most important mineralocorticoid
Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium from the body
Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys (and secretion of K+)

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
Rising blood levels of K+
Low blood Na+
Decreasing blood volume or pressure

84
Q

Major Mechanisms of Aldosterone Secretion

_______-angiotensin mechanism
Kidneys release ____ when blood volume declines, leads to angiotensin II that stimulates __________ release

Plasma concentration of sodium and potassium
Directly influences the zona ___________ cells

(———–)
Causes small increases of aldosterone during stress

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
________activity of the zona glomerulosa

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism
Kidneys release renin when blood volume declines, leads to angiotensin II that stimulates aldosterone release

Plasma concentration of sodium and potassium
Directly influences the zona glomerulosa cells

ACTH
Causes small increases of aldosterone during stress

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Inhibits activity of the zona glomerulosa

85
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Help the body resist stress by:
Sparing ________ (for the brain)
Promotes ________ (formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates)
Promotes fatty acid release from ______tissue and amino acid release from other cells

Suppressing the _________ system
“anti-inflammatory”

A

Help the body resist stress by:
Sparing glucose (for the brain)
Promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates)
Promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue and amino acid release from other cells

Suppressing the immune system
“anti-inflammatory”

86
Q

Stress and the Adrenal Gland

A

Stress and the Adrenal Gland

87
Q

Gonadocorticoids (Sex Hormones)

Small amount of ___________(male sex hormones, e.g. testosterone) secreted

Large amount produced in male ________
Small amount of________ secreted

Gonadocorticoids contribute to:
The onset of ________ and hair growth
Sex drive in adult_________

A

Gonadocorticoids (Sex Hormones)

Small amount of androgens (male sex hormones, e.g. testosterone) secreted

Large amount produced in male testes

Small amount of estrogen secreted

Gonadocorticoids contribute to:
The onset of puberty and hair growth
Sex drive in adult _females _

88
Q

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex

Andrenogenital syndrome
A tumor of the zona ________ leads to masculization of females (e.g., a beard)
I tumor produces estrogen, can lead to enlarged______in males

*_*Cushing’s disease/syndrome

*Addison’s disease
_*

A

Andrenogenital syndrome
A tumor of the zona reticularis leads to masculization of females (e.g., a beard)
I tumor produces estrogen, can lead to enlarged breasts in males

***_Cushing’s disease/syndrome

Addison’s disease
_***

89
Q

Cushing’s disease/syndrome
Excessive levels of _________
Cushing’s disease due to _______-releasing tumor
Cushing’s syndrome due to __________drugs
Resemble protracted and exaggerated _____ response
Lipid reserves mobilized, peripheral proteins broken down
_______tissue redistribution leads to “moon-face” and “buffalo hump”
Immune system ________
Treatment is _________ tumor or discontinue __________drugs

A

Cushing’s disease/syndrome
Excessive levels of glucocorticoids
Cushing’s disease due to ACTH-releasing tumor
Cushing’s syndrome due to glucocorticoid drugs
Resemble protracted and exaggerated stress response
Lipid reserves mobilized, peripheral proteins broken down
Adipose tissue redistribution leads to “moon-face” and “buffalo hump”
Immune system depressed
Treatment is remove tumor or discontinue _glucocorticoid_ drugs

90
Q

Addison’s disease
___________ mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
E.g., from________ deficiency

Become ______ and lose weight
Low blood pressure and blood volume
________ can not be tolerated (minor infection or injury can lead to potentially fatal blood pressure drop)

A

Addison’s disease

Inadequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
E.g., from ACTH deficiency

Become weak and lose weight

  • *Low** blood pressure and blood volume
  • *Stress** can not be tolerated (minor infection or injury can lead to potentially fatal blood pressure drop)
91
Q

Pancreas

A_________gland, which has both ______ and ________ cells, located behind the stomach

________cells produce an enzyme-rich juice used for digestion (________ product)

Pancreatic islets (islets of ________) produce hormones (__________ products)

The islets contain two major cell types:
Alpha () cells that produce ______
Beta () cells that produce ______

A

A triangular gland, which has both exocrine** and **endocrine cells, located behind the stomach

Acinar cells produce an enzyme-rich juice used for digestion (exocrine product)

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce hormones (endocrine products)

The islets contain two major cell types:

  • Alpha* () cells that produce glucagon
  • Beta* () cells that produce insulin
92
Q

Glucagon

A 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone that is a potent ___________ agent

Its major target is the ______, where it promotes:
__________ – the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
___________ – synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
Release of _______to the blood from _____cells

A

A 29-amino-acid polypeptide hormone that is a potent hyperglycemic agent

Its major target is the liver, where it promotes:
Glycogenolysis – the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis – synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
Release of glucose to the blood from liver cells

93
Q

Insulin

A 51-amino-acid protein consisting of two _____ _______chains linked by disulfide bonds

Synthesized as part of proinsulin and then excised by ___________, releasing functional insulin

Insulin:

__________ blood glucose levels

Enhances transport of _________ into body cells
Counters metabolic activity that would _______ blood glucose levels
Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose for ______ production
Polymerizes glucose to form ________
Converts glucose to _____ (particularly in adipose tissue)

A

Insulin

A 51-amino-acid protein consisting of two amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds

Synthesized as part of proinsulin and then excised by enzymes, releasing functional insulin

Insulin:
Lowers blood glucose levels
Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
Counters metabolic activity that would enhance blood glucose levels
Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose for ATP production
Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
Converts glucose to fat (particularly in adipose tissue)

94
Q

The hyperglycemic effects of glucagon and the hypoglycemic effects of insulin

A

The hyperglycemic effects of glucagon and the hypoglycemic effects of insulin

95
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Results from hyposecretion* or *hypoactivity of insulin

The three cardinal signs of DM are:
_________– huge urine output
_________ – excessive thirst
_________ – excessive hunger and food consumption

_________ – excessive insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin

The three cardinal signs of DM are:

  • *Polyuria** – huge urine output
  • *Polydipsia** – excessive thirst
  • *Polyphagia** – excessive hunger and food consumption

Hyperinsulinism – excessive insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia

96
Q

Gonads: Female

Paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity produce __________and ________

They are responsible for:
Maturation of the _________ organs
Appearance of_________sexual characteristics
Breast development and cyclic changes in the__________mucosa

A

Gonads: Female

Paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity produce estrogens and progesterone

They are responsible for:
Maturation of the reproductive organs
Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
Breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa

97
Q

Gonads: Male

Testes located in an extra-abdominal sac (scrotum) produce ________

Testosterone:
Initiates maturation of male __________ organs
Causes appearance of __________ sexual characteristics and sex drive
Is necessary for _______production
Maintains _______organs in their functional state

A

Gonads: Male

Testes located in an extra-abdominal sac (scrotum) produce testosterone

Testosterone:
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
Causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive
Is necessary for sperm production
Maintains sex organs in their functional state

98
Q

Pineal Gland

Small gland hanging from the roof of the third_____of the brain
Secretory product is _______

________ is involved with:
Day/Night cycles
Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)

A

Pineal Gland

Small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
Secretory product is melatonin

Melatonin is involved with:
Day/night cycles
Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)

99
Q

Thymus

Lobulated gland located deep to the ______

Secretes hormones essential for the development of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system
Thus only needed during T cell ________, atrophies with age

A

Thymus

Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum

Secretes hormones essential for the development of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system
Thus only needed during T cell development, atrophies with age

100
Q

Other Hormone-Producing Structures

_____ – produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration

________ – enteroendocrine cells release local-acting digestive hormones

________ – releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy

_________ – secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells

______ – produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D

______ – releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure

A

Other Hormone-Producing Structures

  • *Heart** – produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration
  • *Gastrointestinal tract** – enteroendocrine cells release local-acting digestive hormones
  • *Placenta** – releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy
  • *Kidneys** – secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red blood cells
  • *Skin** – produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D
  • *Adipose tissue** – releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of satiety, and stimulates increased energy expenditure

CH16 Endocrine (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions