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Phys Exam 2 Random Haley Thoughts > ENDO > Flashcards

ENDO Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general functions of hormones?

A

-homeostasis
-growth & differentiation
-reproduction

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2
Q

which types of proteins are made and then stored?

A

-proteins and polyptide
-amine

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3
Q

which hormones are synthesized on demand?

A

steriod

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4
Q

when do cortisol levels peak?

A

am

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5
Q

when do GH hormone levels peak?

A

at night

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6
Q

which proteins bind to plasma membrane receptors?

A

-polypeptide & protein
-amine

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7
Q

which hormones have tyrosine kinase receptors?

A

insulin and GH

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8
Q

which hormones have GPCRs?

A

beta adrenergic
glucagon
vasopressin
angiotensin II

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9
Q

which hormone types bind to nuclear receptors?

A

steroid & thyroid

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10
Q

which hormones tend to circulate freely (no binding protein)?

A

-amine
-protein and polypeptide

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11
Q

which hormones tend to circulate bound to binding protein?

A

steroid & thyroid

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12
Q

what hormones come from anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
lutenizing hormone
prolactin

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13
Q

what hormones come from posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone/ vasopressin
oxytocin

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14
Q

where do hypothalamic hormones release?

A

primary capillary plexus in median eminence

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15
Q

what carries hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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16
Q

what hormones come from hypothalamus

A

thryotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone
somatostatin
growth hormone releasing hormone
dopamine
prolactin releasing hormone

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17
Q

what stimulates GH release

A

sleep
hypoglycemia
stress (catecholamines)
GHRH
dopamine
excitatory AAs
thyroid hormone
exercise

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18
Q

what inhibits GH release

A

somatostatin
IGF-1
glucose
FFAs
aging

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19
Q

where is the major site of synthesis of IGF-1?

A

liver

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20
Q

actions of GH and IGF-1

A

growth in all tissues
AA uptake
protein synthesis
lipolysis

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21
Q

symptoms of GH excess

A

course facial features
coronary heart disease
diabetes mellitus
thickened skin
kyphosis

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22
Q

oral manifestations of GH excess

A

thick rubbery skin, big nose, thick lips
macrocephaly
macrognathia
disproportionate mandibular growth (prognathism and diastema)
anterior open bite & malocclusion
macroglossia
dyspnea
dysphagia
dysphonia
sialorrhea (excess saliva)
sleep apnea (hypertrophy of pharyngeal and laryngeal tissues)

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23
Q

clinical manifestations of GH deficiency

A

slow linear growth rates
normal skeletal proportions
pudgy, youthful appearance
hypoglycemia (in setting of cortisol deficiency)

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24
Q

oral manifestations of growth hormone

A

small facial appearance
tooth crowding & malocclusion
increased tendency for plaque accumulation
difficulty maintaining oral hygeine
prone to gingivitis & perio disease
solitary median maxillary central incisor
delayed tooth eruption (primary and permanent)

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25
Q

stimuli for ADH

A

increased blood volume
increased osmolarity
decreased blood pressure

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26
Q

what is the problem with neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

low ADH secretion

27
Q

what is the problem with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

lack of kidney response to ADH

28
Q

what is hypodipsia

A

decreased or absent feeling of thirst which results in decreased water intake
causes hypernatremia (increased ECF NA+)

29
Q

what is syndrome of inappropriate ADH

A

increased & uncontrolled secretion of ADH
causes hyponatremia (decreased ECF Na+)

30
Q

what is the function of pendrin

A

Cl-/I- ion exchanger
(for thyroid hormone production)

31
Q

what is needed to make thyroid hormone

A

peroxidase and iodine

32
Q

what cleaves T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin for secretion?

A

proteases

33
Q

how do cells convert T4 to T3 for use

A

deiodinases (iodinases)

34
Q

what are the broad effects of thyroid hormones

A

-growth
-CNS development
-cardiovascular (permissive effect on beta adrenergic receptors)
-large effect on metabolism

35
Q

when does TSH secretion peak?

A

midnight

36
Q

effects of TH on metabolism

A

-stimulates O2 consumption
-increased BMR
-stimulate carb metabolism (uptake of glucose, enhances glycolysis & gluconeogenesis, increase rate of carb absorption)
-stimulates protein catabolism & synthesis (protein turnover)
-stimulates fat metabolism (increased lipid mobilization & oxidation of FA)

37
Q

what is important about the fat metabolism effect of TH

A

required to convert beta carotene into vitamin A
-important for wound healing
-hypothyroid pt could appear orange

38
Q

effects of TH on nervous system

A

-normal development of NS
-impacts reflex time

39
Q

effects of TH on cardiovascular system

A

-increased expression of beta adrenergic receptors
-increased blood flow, HR and contractility

40
Q

effects of TH on endocrine system

A

activation of bone formation –> need for increased PTH secretion

41
Q

effects of TH on GI system

A

-increased appetite & food intake (BMR)
-increased rate of secretion & motility of GI tract

42
Q

what is Grave’s disease

A

hyperthyroidism
autoimmune disease where antibodies to TSH receptor (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins) stimulate thyroid gland to excess
(causes low TRH and TSH levels)

43
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

-exopthalmos
-nervousness, restlessness, insomnia
-goiter
-tachycardia, palpitations
-weight loss & increased appetite
-tremor
-pretibial myxedema (redness & swelling in pretibial region)

44
Q

what are the oral symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

-burning mouth syndrome
-gum disease
-increased salivation
-weakening of mandible
-increased caries risk

45
Q

what is Hashimotos thyroiditis

A

hypothyroidism
autoimmune rxn against thyroid gland

46
Q

what are symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

-iodine deficiency=goiter
-TSH deficiency= NO goiter
-weight gain
-lethargy/impaired memory
-slow pulse
-course/dry brittle hair
-loss of lateral eyebrows

47
Q

what is myxedema

A

seen in severely hypothyroid patients
-increased hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate bound with protein and water accumulate in skin

48
Q

what are symptoms of myxedema

A

-dull, expressionless face
-skin appears swollen and pale with increased creases

49
Q

what is cretinism

A

hypothyroidism
can be congenital or due to iodine deficient diet
-causes physical and mental retardation of neonates
-skeletal growth more inhibited than soft tissue

50
Q

what are the oral manifestations of hypothyroidism

A

-macroglossia
-dysgeusia
-delayed tooth eruption
-poor wound healing
-increased risk of infection
-increased periodontal disease
-salivary gland enlargement

51
Q

what are patients with hypothyroidism sensitive to

A

CNS depressants ad barbituates

52
Q

what are treatments for osteoporosis

A

-exercise
-estrogen
-calcium
-vitamin D
-bisphosphonates

53
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

54
Q

what causes increased PTH secretion

A

-pregnancy
-rickets
-lactation

55
Q

what causes decreased PTH secretion

A

-increased vitD3 intakes
-excess quantities of Ca2+ in the diet
-bone resorption caused by factors other than PTH

56
Q

what are the functions of PTH to increase plasma calcium

A

-bone resorption
-reabsorption of calcium by renal tubules which reduces excretion
-convert precursor into active vitD3, which causes increased intestinal calcium absorption

57
Q

what are the functions of PTH to decrease plasma phosphate

A

decreased reabsorption by renal tubules leading to increased urinary excretion

58
Q

what 3 organs are necessary for calcitrol (vitD3) activation

A

-skin
-liver
-kidneys

59
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

-extreme osteoclastic activity in bones causes cystic bone disease
-hypercalcemia leads to polyuria and calcuria
-low phosphate due to increased renal excretion
-muscle weakness & easy fatigability (due to increased excitability)
-high secretion of alkaline phosphatase

60
Q

what does vitD deficiency lead to in children

A

rickets

61
Q

what does vitD deficiency lead to in adults

A

osteomalacia (and high PTH)

62
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of primary hypoparathyroidism

A

-neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, and tetany
-spasm of laryngeal muscles obstructs respiration

63
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

-corticosteroids
-mineralocorticoids
-sex hormones

Phys Exam 2 Random Haley Thoughts (1 decks)

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