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First Aid Step 1 2021 > ENDO > Flashcards

ENDO Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinal Anterior Compartments

A

4Ts
Thymoma
Terrible lymphoma
Thyroid neoplasm (ectopic, goiter)
Teratoma, seminoma, nonseminoma

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2
Q

Mediastinal Middle Compartments

A

CVELL
Cystic masses (bronchogenic, pericardial)
Vascular masses
Esophageal tumors
Lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy (sarcoidosis and lung cancer)

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3
Q

Mediastinal Posterior Compartments

A

Lymphoma
Metastasis spinal masses, Meningocele
Neurogenic tumor (schwanomma, neurofibroma)

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4
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Bone: Ca and Phosphate insertion
Kidney: inc Ca and Phosphate resorption
Blood: inc Ca and Phos levels

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5
Q

PTH function

A

Bone: inc Ca and Phosphate release
Kidney: inc Ca resorption, dec Phosphate resorption
Blood: inc Ca levels and dec Phosphate levels

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6
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Bone: dec Ca and Phosphate release
Kidney: inc Ca and Phosphate excretion
Blood: dec Ca and Phosphate levels

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7
Q

Insulin dependent glucose transporter/s

A

Glut4: adipose tissue and striated muscle

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8
Q

Insulin independent glucose transporters

A

BRICKLIPS
Brain - GLUT1, GLUT3
RBCs - GLUT1
Intestines - GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1/SGLT2
Cornea - GLUT1
Kidney - GLUT2, SGLT1/SGLT2
Liver - GLUT2
Islet beta cells - GLUT2
Placenta - GLUT1, GLUT3
Spermatocytes - GLUT5

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9
Q

Cortisol function

A

A BIG FIB
Appetite INC
Blood pressure INC
Insulin resistance INC
Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis INC
Fibroblast activity DEC
Inflammatory and immune response DEC
Bone formation DEC (dec osteoblast activity)

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10
Q

Treatment for Acromegaly

A

COP
Cabergoline (dopamine agonist)
Octreotide
Pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)

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11
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis lab results

A

(+) antimicrosomal/antithyroid peroxidase antibody
(+) antithyroglobulin antibody
(+) Hurtle cells
HLADR3

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12
Q

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis/De quervain findings

A

Very tender thyroid
Preceeded by viral infection
Activation of cytotoxic T cells
Blood flow decreased on UTZ
Dec TSH, radioiodine uptake
Inc T3 T4, thyroglobulin

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13
Q

Reidel’s thyroiditis findings

A

Hard, nontender, woody, fixed thyroid
IgG4-related disease
Fibrosis may extend to trachea and esophagus

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14
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism/cretinism

A

6Ps
Pale
Poor brain development
Puffy faced
Protuberant tongue
Protuberant umbilicus
Pot bellied

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15
Q

Treatment for thyroid storm

A

4Ps
PTU
Propanolol
Potassium iodide
Prednisolone

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16
Q

Pseudohypothyroidism features

A

Maternally transmitted mutations (imprinted GNAS gene)
Autosomal dominant
Inactivation of adenylate cyclase
End organ resistance (kidney and bone) to PTH
INC PTH and Phosphate
DEC Calcium

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17
Q

Pseudopseudohypoparathyrodism features

A

No end organ resistance
Normal PTH, Ca and Phosphate
Paternally transmitted
Autosomal dominant

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18
Q

Pseudohypothyrodism PE findings

A

DR SSS
Developmental delay
Round face

Shortened 4th/5th digit
Short stature
Subcutaneous calcifications

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19
Q

Cushing Syndrome Findings

A

OOH BAM CUSHINGS
Osteoporosis
Obesity
Hirsutism

Buffalo hump
Amenorrhea
Moon facies

Cholesterol INC
Urinary free cortisol INC
Skin changes (thinning, striae, acanthosis nigricans)
Hypertension
Immunosupression
Neoplasm as cause
Growth restriction in children
Sugar in blood INC

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20
Q

Electrolyte imbalance seen in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

A

Low CASE
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Sodium
Epinephrine

high PAN
Potassium
ADH/vasopressin
Norepinephrine

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21
Q

Neuroendocrine cells share a common biologic function through

A

Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase (APUD)

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22
Q

Neuroblastoma lab findings

A

Amplification of N-myc gene

(+) HVA and VMA in urine
Homer-Wright rosettes in biopsy
(+) bombesin and NSE

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23
Q

Electrolyte imbalance in Hyperaldosteronism

A

INC Sodium and bicarbonate
DEC Potassium and H+
Metabolic alkalosis

24
Q

Pheochormocytoma rule of 10s

A

10% maligant
10% bilateral
10% extraadrenal (bladder wall, organ of Zuckerkandl)
10% calcify
10% kids

25
Q

Episodic hyperadrenergic symptoms of Pheochromocytoma

A

5 Ps
Pain - headache
Pressure - inc BP
Perspiration
Pallor
Palpitations

26
Q

Pheochormocytoma lab findings

A

(+) HVA and VMA in urine and plasma
(+) chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE

27
Q

Treatment for Pheochromocytoma

A

Phenoxybenzamine (irreversible alpha antagonist) then beta blockers prior to tumor resection

28
Q

Whipple triad in Insulinoma

A
  1. low blood glucose
  2. Symptoms of hypoglycemia (eg, lethargy, syncope, diplopia)
  3. resolution of symptoms after normalization of plasma glucose levels. S
29
Q

Glucagonoma presentation

A

6Ds
Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema)
Diabetes (hyperglycemia)
DVT
Declining weight
Depression
Diarrhea

30
Q

Somatostatinoma presentation

A

Diabetes/glucose intolerance
Achlorydia
Gallstones
Steatorrhea

31
Q

Carcinoid syndrome presentation

A

WaRDEN

Wheezing
Right-sided valvular heartdisease (eg, tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonic stenosis)
Diarrhea
Episodic flushing
Niacin deciency (pellagra)

32
Q

Carcinoid tumor lab findings

A

INC urinary 5-HIAA
Histology: prominent rosettes

(+) chromogranin A , synaptophysin

33
Q

Rule of thirds in Carcinoid tumors

A

1/3 metastisize
1/3 present with 2nd malignancy
1/3 multiple

34
Q

Drug that causes Liver: DEC glucose production

A

Adipose tissue & Skeletal muscle: INC insulin sensitivity

  1. Biguanides - metformin
  2. Thiozolidinediones - pioGLITAZONE rosiglitazone
35
Q

Drug that causes Kidney: DEC glucose reabsorption

A

SGLT2 inhibitors

  1. CanagliFLOZIN
  2. Dapagliflozin
  3. Empagliflozin
36
Q

Drug that causes Intestine: DEC glucose absorption

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

1.Acarbose
2. Miglitol

37
Q

Drug that causes

Pancreas (alpha cells): DEC glucagon release

Stomach: DEC gastric emptying

A
  1. GLP1 analog - exeniTIDE, liraglutide
  2. DPP4 inhibitors - linagLIPTIN, sitagliptin
  3. amylin analogs - prAMLINtide
38
Q

Drug that causes Pancreas (beta cells): INC insulin secretion

A
  1. Sulfonylureas - chlorpropAMIDE, tolbutamide
  2. meglitinides - nateGLINIDE, repaglinide
  3. GLP1 analog - exeniTIDE, liraglutide
  4. DPP4 inhibitors - linagLIPTIN, sitagliptin
39
Q

Weight gain DM drugs

A

SIT
Sulfonylurea - 1st gen: chlorpropaMIDE, tolbutamide, 2nd gen: glipizIDE, glyburide
Insulin
Thiazolidinediones - pioGLITAZONE, rosiglitazone

40
Q

Weight loss DM drugs

A

MSG
Metformin
SGLT2 - CanaGLIFLOZIN, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin
GLP 1 receptor antagonist - exenaTIDE, liraglutide

41
Q

Weight neutral DM drugs

A

DPP4 inhibitors

“DiPaPataba”

42
Q

Side effect of Metformin

A

Lactic acidosis
Vitamin B12 deficiency

43
Q

DM drug with an increase in risk of fractures

A

Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone

44
Q

DM drug that may cause pancreatitis

A

GLP-1 analogs - Exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide

45
Q

DM drug that may cause respiratory infections such as nasopharyngitis and urinary infections

A

DPP-4 inhibitors - Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin

46
Q

Side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors

A

Glucosuria
UTIs
vulvovaginal candidiasis
dehydration
Orthostatic hypotension

47
Q

Benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors

A
  1. Reduce BP by intravascular volume reduction
  2. Lower mortality for HF by DECreasing preload and afterload
  3. Slow progression of DM nephropathy
48
Q

Thyroid drug associated with ANCA (+) vasculitis

A

PTU

49
Q

Thyroid drug associated with aplasia cutis

A

Methimazole

50
Q

Desmopressin is clincally used in:

A

Central DI
von Willebrand disease
sleep enuresis
hemophilia A

51
Q

Somatostatin/octreotide is clinically used in:

A

Carcinoid syndrome
Acromegaly
Gastrinoma
Glucagonoma
esophageal varices

52
Q

Mutations of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

A

RET/APC rearrangement
BRAF mutation

53
Q

Mutations of Follicular carcinoma

A

RAS mutation
PAX8-PPAR-Y translocation

54
Q

Mutations of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

A

RET mutation

55
Q

Mutation of Undifferentiated/Anaplastic Carcinoma

A

TP53 mutation

56
Q

Mutation of Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A

A

maternally transmitted
Imprinting GNAS gene

First Aid Step 1 2021 (3 decks)

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