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Endocrinology > Endo 11 - Endocrinology of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Endo 11 - Endocrinology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Where is tubular fluid reabsorbed?

A

Rete testis and early epididymis

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2
Q

What hormone controls the reabsorption of tubular fluid?

A

Oestrogen

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3
Q

Where is oestrogen mainly found in the male reproductive tract?

A

Tubular fluid produced by sertoli cells

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4
Q

What stimulates the release of nutrients into the epididymal fluid?

A

Androgens

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5
Q

What is the role of these secreted nutrients into the epididymal fluid?

A

provide energy for the impending journey

coat spermatozoon to protect from hostile environment

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6
Q

In which part of the male reproductive tract is fluid reabsorbed and nutrients put in?

A

Epididymis

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7
Q

Where is a vasectomy performed?

A

Lower end of the vas deferens

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8
Q

What structures contribute to the seminal fluid?

A

Seminal vesicle 2/3

Prostate 1/3

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9
Q

Why is fibrinogen and fibrinolytic enzymes needed in the seminal fluid?

A

After ejaculation, semen clot and must be broken down

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10
Q

Describe the capability of spermatozoa in the vas deferens

A

Limited movement

limited capacity to fertilise ovum

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11
Q

When do sperm reach full activity?

A

In the female reproductive tract

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12
Q

What is the name given to when sperm reach full activity and capability?

A

Capacitation

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13
Q

Name 3 changes that occur during capacitation

A

Loss of glycoprotein coat
whipping of tail
change in surface membrane characteristics

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14
Q

What two things are the changes during capacitation dependent upon?

A

Oestrogen

Calcium

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15
Q

Which receptor do spermatozoa bind to on the zona pellucida?

A

ZP3

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16
Q

Once bound, what stimulates the influx of calcium into the spermatozoon?

A

Progesterone

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17
Q

The calcium influx into the spermatozoa stimulates…

A

a calcium-dependent acrosome reaction

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18
Q

Once the calcium dependent acrosome reaction has taken place, what recognition site can the spermatozoa bind to?

A

ZP2

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19
Q

Once bound to ZP2, what does the spermatozoa do next?

A

acrosome release, allowing penetration of zona pellucida so spermatozoon can enter

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20
Q

Where does fertiisation usually occur?

A

In the fallopian tubes

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21
Q

What does fertilisation result in the expulsion of?

A

Second polar body

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22
Q

When does the zonal reaction take place?

A

Straight after fertilisation

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23
Q

What happens in the zonal reaction?

A

cortical granules release molecules that degrade the zona pellucida inc the ZP2/3
prevents further binding of sperm

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24
Q

What chemical is needed for the zonal reaction?

A

Calcium

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25
Q

What is the zygote called when is starts dividing?

A

Conceptus

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26
Q

Describe how the conceptus receives nutrients before implantation?

A

From uterine secretions

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27
Q

How long is the phase of the free-living conceptus?

A

9-10 days

28
Q

What stage of the menstrual cycle is this taking place in?

A

Luteal - so progesterone and oestrogen are high

29
Q

What does the conceptus compact to form?

A

8-16 cell morula

30
Q

What are the two parts of the blastocyst?

A

Inner cell mass

Trophectoderm

31
Q

What does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become?

A

embryo

32
Q

What does the trophectoderm become?

A

chorion - which becomes the placenta

33
Q

What hormonal change helps the transfer of the conceptus to the uterus?

A

Increasing progesterone:oestrogen ratio

34
Q

What is a decidua?

A

thick layer of mucous membrane which lines the uterus during pregnancy

35
Q

What hormonal environment is needed for implantation?

A

progesterone dominance over oestrogen

36
Q

Name 2 molecules which are important in implantation

A

Leukaemia inhibitory factor

IL -11

37
Q

What does leukaemia inhibitory factor do?

A

stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to the endomtrial cells

38
Q

What cells produces LIF?

A

Endometrial secretory glands

39
Q

What cells produce IL -11?

A

Endometrial cells

40
Q

What is the reaction called when the trophoblast cells invade the uterine tissue?

A

Decidualisation

41
Q

What are the main changes that take place in this decidualisation reaction?

A
  • increased vascular permeability
  • oedema of the tissue
  • growth of capillaries etc
42
Q

Which chemical factors are involved in decidualisation?

A

IL -11

Histamine

43
Q

What is the role of HCG?

A

peaks at 8 weeks

mimics LH stimulating the production of oestrogen and progesterone

44
Q

What change takes place after about 5 weeks?

A

hormone production goes from corpus luteum to the placenta

45
Q

How do oestrogen and progesterone production change throughout pregnancy>?

A

Continue rising

Progesterone dominant

46
Q

What is human placental lactogen and what is its role?

A

growth hormone which has prolactin effects

important for growth and development of the fetus

47
Q

At what point would a oophorectomy have no effect on pregnancy and why?

A

6 weeks

hormone production is taken over by placenta

48
Q

What steroid precursor is provided for by the mother for the foetus?

A

Pregnenalone

49
Q

Which androgen is formed by the maternal and foetal adrenals?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS)

50
Q

What is DHEAS used for?

A

Precursor for oestrogen production

51
Q

Which oestrogens are produced by the placenta using DHEAS?

A

Oestradiol

Oestrone

52
Q

Why are Oestradiol and oestrone not good markers for foetal health?

A

dependent on precursor production from mother adrenals and fetal so not a good measure

53
Q

What is the main oestrogen of pregnancy?

A

Oestriol

54
Q

How is oestriol produced?

A

DHEAS from foetal adrenals is conjugated in foetal liver to form 16-hydroxy DHEAS
converted to oestriol in placenta

55
Q

What can be used to gage health of foetus?

A

Oestriol

56
Q

Describe how maternal hormones change during pregnancy?

A

Most increase during pregnancy

e.g. thyrotrophin, corticotrophin, prolactin, GH, PTH

57
Q

Which hormones decrease during pregnancy?

A

Gonadotrophins

hGH

58
Q

What biochemical change is needed for contraction of uterus during parturition?

A

increase in intracellular calcium concentration

59
Q

How does oestrogen increase the chance of contractions?

A

Oestrogen triggers Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins stimulate the release of calcium from IC stores

60
Q

How does oxytocin increase the chance of contraction?

A

opens calcium channels on endometrium

61
Q

What is the effect of progesterone during parturition?

A

keeps effects of oestrogen under control

so inhibits

62
Q

What change occurs when the foetus reaches a particular size?

A

Switch in steroid synthesis from progesterone to oestrogen

so oestrogen dominance

63
Q

What does the oestrogen dominance do?

A

Stimulate prostaglandin production
which stimulates release of intracellular calcium
which promotes muscle contraction

64
Q

What 2 hormones are involved in milk?

A

Oxytocin and Prolactin

65
Q

What is the role of prolactin in milk?

A

Milk production

66
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in milk>?

A

Milk ejection

67
Q

What are prolactin and oxytocin both stimulated by?

A

Suckling

Endocrinology (18 decks)

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