Endo

Question 1

Serum Na – Low
UO - Normal or Low
Urine sodium – High
Intravascular vol status – Normal or high
Vasopressin Level – High

Answer 1

SIADH

Question 2

Serum Na – Low
UO - High
Urine sodium – Very High
Intravascular vol status – Low
Vasopressin Level – Low

Answer 2

Cerebral Salt wasting

Question 3

Serum Na – High
UO - High
Urine sodium – Low
Intravascular vol status – Low
Vasopressin Level – Low

Answer 3

Central DI

Question 4

1 in 500-1,000 live male births; manifest as tall stature, learning disabilities, gynecomastia, dec U:L segment ratio; Boys: hypotonia, clinodactyly and hypertelorism; Testes small → indertility

Answer 4

(Klinefelter syndrome XXY syndrome)

Question 5

Tall stature, severe acne in adolescence, inc incidence of learning disability; behavioral problems (impulsivity)

Answer 5

XYY syndrome

Question 6

Thelarche

Answer 6

10-11 yr old

Question 7

Pubarche

Answer 7

6-12 mo later

Question 8

Menarche

Answer 8

2-2.5yr → 6 yr

Question 9

Thinning of the scrotum

Answer 9

11-12 yr old

Question 10

Axillary hair

Answer 10

mid-puberty

Question 11

Treatment of D.I in neonates and young infants

Answer 11

Fluid therapy

Question 12

Treatment of D.I in older Children

Answer 12

DDAVP (dosage: 25 – 300ug every 8-12 hr)

Question 13

Polyuria and polydipsia with vasopressin deficiency

Answer 13

Central D.I

Question 14

Polyuria and polydipsia with vasopressin insensitivity at the level of the kidney

Answer 14

Nephrogenic D.I

Question 15

MC pituitary tumors in adolescent

Answer 15

Prolactin – secreting pituitary adenoma / Prolactinoma

Question 16

Manifest as headache, primary or secondary amenorrhea, Galactorrhea

Answer 16

Prolactin – secreting pituitary adenoma / Prolactinoma

Question 17

Prolactin level of mild Prolactin – secreting pituitary adenoma

Answer 17

40-50 ng/ml

Question 18

Prolactin level of mild Prolactin – secreting pituitary adenoma

Answer 18

10,000-15,000 ng/ml

Question 19

Treatment for prolactinoma

Answer 19

Cabergoline

Question 20

Definitive diagnosis of GH deficiency

Answer 20

absent or low levels of GH in response to stimulation

Question 21

Definitive diagnosis of GH deficiency traditionally requires

Answer 21

Demonstration of absent or low levels of GH in response to stimulation

Question 22

DI manifest manifests clinically with

Answer 22

Polyuria and polydipsia and can result from either vasopressin deficiency or vasopressin insensitivity at the level of the kidney

Question 23

To differentiate central from nephrogenic DI, what test is needed

Answer 23

Water deprivation test

Question 24

Hyponatremia, inappropriately concentrated urine (>100 mOsm/kg), normal or slightly elevated plasma volume, normal to high urine sodium and low serum uric acid

Answer 24

SIADH

Question 25

Treatment of CSW

Answer 25

Consist of restoring intravascular volume with sodium chloride and water

Question 26

MC adenoma during childhood

Answer 26

Prolactinoma

Question 27

Central precocious puberty

Answer 27

breast development before the age of 8 yr in females and by the onset of testicular development before the age of 9 yr in males

Question 28

Most sensitive test for primary thyroid dysfunction

Answer 28

serum TSH

Question 29

Most cases of congenital hypothyroidism are caused by

Answer 29

Thyroid dysgenesis

Question 30

Most important method for identifying infants with congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 30

NBS

Question 31

Usually first clinical manifestation of acquired hypothyroidism

Answer 31

Slowing growth

Question 32

Typically preceded by a respiratory infection of pharyngitis, and the left lobe is more often affected. The infection may be caused by gram positive or gram negative organism, and abscess formation can occur

Answer 32

Acute infectious thyroiditis

Question 33

Most serious consequence of iodine deficiency and occurs only in geographic association with endemic goiter

Answer 33

Cretinism

Question 34

MC cause of endemic goiter worldwide

Answer 34

Iodine deficiency

Question 35

First line anti thyroid drug for children with Graves Disease

Answer 35

Methimazole

Question 36

Management goal of thyroid storm in adolescent

Answer 36

inhibition of thyroid hormone formation, sympathetic blockade and glucocorticoid therapy

Question 37

Principal regulators of calcium homeostasis

Answer 37

PTH and Vitamin D

Question 38

Acquired primary adrenal insufficiency is termed

Answer 38

Addison Disease

Question 39

More than 90% of CAH are caused by

Answer 39

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Question 40

The result of abnormally high blood levels of cortisol or other glucocorticoids. This can be iatrogenic or the result of endogenous cortisol secretion, a result of either an adrenal tumor or of hypersecretion of corticotropin by the pituitary or by a tumor

Answer 40

Cushing syndrome

Question 41

Hypertension in children is more often sustained rather than paroxysmal. When there are paroxysms of hypertension, the attacks are usually infrequent at first, but become more frequent and eventually give way to continuous hypertensive state. Between attacks of hypertension, the patient may be free of symptoms. During attacks, the patient complains of headache, palpitations, abdominal pain, dizziness, pallor nausea and sweating

Answer 41

Pheochromocytoma

Question 42

MC endocrine-metabolic disorder of childhood and adolescence, with important consequences for physical and emotional development

Answer 42

Hyperthyroidism

Question 43

Treatment for T1DM – Insulin
• Classification of DKA: Co2 = 10 – 15mEq/L venous, pH (venous) – 7.15 – 7.25 with Kussmaul respiration

Answer 43

Moderate

Question 44

Most important lifestyle factor association with development of T2DM

Answer 44

Obesity